The Morality of Managed Care Essay -- Health Care Medical Medicine Ess

The Morality of Managed Care "The preservation of health is a duty" according to Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher (Andrews, 1993). Managed care conglomerates provide health coverage for increasing numbers of Americans. Many critics question whether these businesses provide care dutifully. At the very least, the present managed care system requires health care providers and recipients to reexamine established principles underling physician-patient interaction. Although health maintenance organizations are commonly misunderstood, Americans hope these institutions will dampen runaway health care expenditures. Since HMO's are increasing in number, health care recipients need to examine how established, ethical principles in America are changing. These subtle alterations create conflicts between physicians, HMO's, and patients. Ultimately, patients are regarded as consumers, and understandably, quality care may be more difficult to obtain. Definition Of Managed Care Although numerous health care plans presently exist, managed care plans have dominated the marketplace since the early 1980's. Preferred provider organizations (PPO's) and health maintenance organizations (HMO's) are the most common, and they continue to grow in number. Since managed care has become commonplace, the differences between PPO's, HMO's and fee-for-service reimbursement arrangements must be critically evaluated. Without understanding their general organizational and payment structures, moral judgments pertaining to varying plans cannot be ascertained easily. PPO's contract with a limited number of physicians and hospitals who agree to care for patients on a discounted fee for service basis. On the other hand, HMO's amass insurers and providers... ...ew York Times, July 15, 1996, pp. A13. Kassirer, Jerome P. "Managed Care and the Morality of the Marketplace" The New England Journal of Medicine, July 6, 1995, pp. 50-52. King, Cheryl S. "Managed Care: Is It Moral." Advanced Practical Nursing, 1995, pp. 7-11. Larson, Erik. "The Soul of an HMO." Time, January 22, 1996, pp. 44-52. Light, Donald W. "The Practice and Ethics of Risk-rated Health Insurance." The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, pp. 2503-2508. Peliegrino, Edmund D. "Ethics." The Journal of the American Medical Association, June 1, 1994, pp. 1668-1670. Relman, Arnold S. "What Market Values Are Doing to Medicine." The Atlantic Monthly, March 1992, pp. 99-106. Shenkin, Budd N. "The Independent Practice Association in Theory and Practice." The Journal of the American Medical Association, June 28, 1995, pp. 1937-1942. The Morality of Managed Care Essay -- Health Care Medical Medicine Ess The Morality of Managed Care "The preservation of health is a duty" according to Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher (Andrews, 1993). Managed care conglomerates provide health coverage for increasing numbers of Americans. Many critics question whether these businesses provide care dutifully. At the very least, the present managed care system requires health care providers and recipients to reexamine established principles underling physician-patient interaction. Although health maintenance organizations are commonly misunderstood, Americans hope these institutions will dampen runaway health care expenditures. Since HMO's are increasing in number, health care recipients need to examine how established, ethical principles in America are changing. These subtle alterations create conflicts between physicians, HMO's, and patients. Ultimately, patients are regarded as consumers, and understandably, quality care may be more difficult to obtain. Definition Of Managed Care Although numerous health care plans presently exist, managed care plans have dominated the marketplace since the early 1980's. Preferred provider organizations (PPO's) and health maintenance organizations (HMO's) are the most common, and they continue to grow in number. Since managed care has become commonplace, the differences between PPO's, HMO's and fee-for-service reimbursement arrangements must be critically evaluated. Without understanding their general organizational and payment structures, moral judgments pertaining to varying plans cannot be ascertained easily. PPO's contract with a limited number of physicians and hospitals who agree to care for patients on a discounted fee for service basis. On the other hand, HMO's amass insurers and providers... ...ew York Times, July 15, 1996, pp. A13. Kassirer, Jerome P. "Managed Care and the Morality of the Marketplace" The New England Journal of Medicine, July 6, 1995, pp. 50-52. King, Cheryl S. "Managed Care: Is It Moral." Advanced Practical Nursing, 1995, pp. 7-11. Larson, Erik. "The Soul of an HMO." Time, January 22, 1996, pp. 44-52. Light, Donald W. "The Practice and Ethics of Risk-rated Health Insurance." The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, pp. 2503-2508. Peliegrino, Edmund D. "Ethics." The Journal of the American Medical Association, June 1, 1994, pp. 1668-1670. Relman, Arnold S. "What Market Values Are Doing to Medicine." The Atlantic Monthly, March 1992, pp. 99-106. Shenkin, Budd N. "The Independent Practice Association in Theory and Practice." The Journal of the American Medical Association, June 28, 1995, pp. 1937-1942.

Project Report on Tumkur Milk Union

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA – AN OVERVIEW: Dairy enterprise is an important occupation of farmers. In India nearly 70% of the people depend on agriculture. It is the backbone of India. Dairy is linked with agriculture industry to a large extent. Animal husbandry in India is an essential part of agriculture. It is mainly a rural occupation closely associated with agriculture. In 1965, National Dairy Development Board [NDDB] was set up with the objective of meeting the demand of milk, especially in urban areas, as well as developing the rural economy through the enhancement of the milk production of the country.In 1970, NDDB took up â€Å"Operation Flood† program in order to organize milk producers’ co-operative in several places in India taking the Karia district [ANAND] co-operative milk producers union limited [AMUL] of Anand, Gujarat as a model with the above object in view. Company profile: Origin of Tumkur Milk Union Limited:- TUMUL was formed on 30th march 1977 and its funding is restricted to the Tumkur district only. TUMUL was formed about for the welfare and upliftment of the milk producers and to make the milk producers procurement a profitable business by using advanced technology.It is formed mainly for serving the customers with better quality milk. TUMUL is situated in Mallasandra which is 11kms away from Tumkur City. It is situated in the rural area, which is outside the jurisdiction local authority such as municipal and co-operation. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANISATION Tumkur is a fast developing industrial town in Karnataka it’s adjacent to Bangalore, about 70kms towards North West of the national highway. The district comprises of 10 taluks with a population of 45 lakhs (2007). The climate is rather dry and the rainfall is normal in the district.The taluk of Pavagada and Sira face significant water shortage throughout the year. The dairy development activities in the district started in December 1976 under the KDDC with the objective of supporting the nearby urban liquid milk market. A farm cooler 60TLPD was started in 1976 Tumkur as a feeder balancing dairy. The co-operative union of the Tumkur milk producers was registered in the year march 1977. A dairy of 1 lakh liters at Tumkur under the OF (Operation Flood) was commissioned and handed over to the union in 1987. DESIGN OF THE STUDY:TITLE OF THE PROJECT : â€Å"Customer satisfaction towards Nandini milk and Awareness, Opinion on Homogenized pure cow milk† STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Any product that wants to survive must concentrate on factors like quality, price, package etc†¦ According to consumer studies have become essential now a days,that to for such perishable food products to know about their preferences towards the various related aspects of the products . So it has becomes essential to know the present level of consumer satisfaction to analyze the future demand for the products.More product awarenes s has become a potential marketing tool in the global market . Even the software industry is also not free from this area. Well designed more products can create promotional value. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The primary objective is to identify the consumer satisfaction level for Nandini milk and Awareness, opinion on homogenized pure cow milk. An attempt to increase the sales can bear fruit only if the consumers are satisfied with the products and services and they go for the product again or even refer to it to other potential buyers.Thus evaluating the current consumer satisfaction level is quiet necessary for improving sales as well as it provides criteria for future sales plans and to develop the marketing plans of the company. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The Study is exclusive conducted for the â€Å"Customers Satisfaction towards Nandini milk and awareness, opinion on Homogenized pure cow milk† in and around the Tumkur City only. It will help to know the factors influencing the customer’s preference about the product and getting their opinion for accepting product RESEARCH DESIGN: PRIMARY SOURCE OF DATA:Primary data are those collected by the investigator himself for the first time and thus they are original in character, they are collected for a particular purpose. A well-structured questionnaire was personally administrated to the selected sample to collect the primary data. SECONDARY SOURCE OF DATA: Two types of secondary data were collected for the preparation of the project work: -Internal Data was generated from company’s brochures, manuals and annual reports. -External Data, on the other hand, was generated from magazines, research books and internet (websites).LIMITATIONS OF STUDY: ? The survey is limited to the potential of areas of Tumkur City only due to limitation of time. ? The sample size is confined to 100 due to lack of time and resource. ? The study focused on memory recall and there is chance of recall bias. It may have intr oduced errors in the survey. ? There is reluctance on the part of respondents. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: ? Nandini milk is purchased by many people because they think that it is a product of Karnataka’s farmers efforts. ? Majority of respondents opt full cream Nandini milk and homogenized pure cow milk to onsume everyday. In Nandini milk there are different types of milk like toned Nandini milk, double toned Nandini milk, special Nandini milk, Good life which are presented to market by TMUKMF to satisfy the different needs of consumers in best possible ways. ? Majority of respondent’s view about Nandini milk’s price is expensive, price was the only major inconvenience about Nandini milk to customers. Few respondents did say that the price is reasonable. ? Majority of respondents have never witnessed any sort of contamination or unhygienic factors in Nandini milk. hich proves that people need not have any doubt or fear while using Nandini milk. ? Majorityof responde nts are aware of Nandini homogenized pure cow milk but still 24% are unaware of the product this shows that company need to concentrate on its promotional activities. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: ? Conduction of Consumer Awareness Program ? Need to maintain constant price for products. ? Adoption of effective advertisement programme. ? Implementation of effective cost controls method. ? Need to improve in packaging of product.CONCLUSION:- Nandini milk as got very good distribution channel and it has agents in every part of the city and the brand image is too good. TMU KMF is providing the best quality products. They have understood the needs of consumer and tried their best to fulfill them. I am sure the company will find my findings relevant and I sincerely hope it uses my suggestions enlisted, which I hope will take them miles ahead of competition. I am sure the company has a very bright future to look forward to and will be a trailblazer in its own right.

Therapeutic Index - 3092 Words

The Inaba text describes the phenomenon of therapeutic index. Addiction to barbiturates can be critical in terms of lethality as measured by the therapeutic index. Describe how this phenomenon might lead to an accidental overdose. Why is this factor more critical with barbiturates than with other classes of depressant drugs? Barbiturates are nonselective central nervous system (CNS) depressants, capable of producing all degrees of depression from mild sedation and hypnosis to general anesthesia, deep coma and death. The extent of CNS depression varies with the route of administration, dose and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the particular barbiturate. Patient specific factors such as age, physical or emotional state and the†¦show more content†¦The drug is usually sold as a white powder, either in colorful capsules, tablets, and suppositories, or dissolved in liquid for injection. Oral ingestion is usually preferred over injection, since results occur quickly enough with the short-acting capsules. Some barb freaks prefer the surging rush that comes with mainlining, however, and ignore the possibilities of severe infection and abscess that may result if the vein is missed and the drug is injected under the skin. Gangrene can occur - if an artery is hit, and may necessitate amputation of the a ffected part. Barbiturates affect the central nervous system by depressing or inhibiting nerve signals in the brain, altering chemical balance and decreasing functions of some organ systems. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and neurological action are all depressed, and general relaxation of the skeletal muscles occurs. Effects of the drug increase according to dosage, as body functions decelerate: from anxiety relief to sedation to hypnosis to anesthesia to coma to death. Once ingested, the drug enters the bloodstream and is distributed throughout- the body, with the highest accumulation in fat deposits and organ tissues. Barbiturates are ultimately metabolized and eliminated through the kidneys and liver. Rate of effect depends on how quickly the drug = moves through the body and is metabolized. Laboratory tests can indicate the presence of barbiturates in the body. Dosage, type of barbiturate,Show MoreRelatedUsing The Hydrate Rather Than The Anhydrous Form Of Theophylline1177 Words   |  5 Pagesmanufactured as modified-release formulations? 10% Theophylline is a narrow therapeutic index drug with an optimum serum concentration range of 10 to 20 micrograms/mL. Above 20 micrograms/mL, toxicity is observed and thus it is crucial that the serum concentration is maintained within the above range. Modified release formulations are used to ensure that the serum concentration remains within the therapeutic range but below toxic levels. 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