Star Wars :: essays papers

Star Wars Star Wars is an incredible case of great sound quality in a film. There are many distinctive audio cues that make this film a work of art. The most usually disregarded bit of sound in a film is the character’s voices. The voices in Star Wars have a huge influence of the film. Each character has a particular voice and an unmistakable way that they talk. Darth Vader has a very profound voice and speakes in long draw out words, to help show how fiendish he is. Han Solo has a rough sounding voice and is immediate when he talks. Han is viewed as an intense person who likes to be an introvert, yet he has a sidekick. Luke Skywalker has a delicate, youthful sounding voice to show how unpracticed he is. CP-30 is a robot who has human characteristics and has a crackly voice that shows how apprehensive he is and the amount of a weakling he is. Different outsiders in the film in the film make strange noices that must be deciphered at the base of the screen. Another regular audio cue utilized in the film is lasers. Lasers are utilized in the battle scenes that happen with the space ships. The audio cues of the boats themselves are mind blowing and the sound when they get hit get hit by a laser truly catches the eye of the watcher. Other audio cues incorporate the sound of the light sabers that Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader use. They make a vibrating sound, which should support its shining special visualization. They likewise make a sound that is like the sound a bug critic makes when a bug hits it. The light saber additionally makes a nosies when explicit commotion when it is swung and misses its objective The score to the film is additionally significant. The whole score is instrumental. It is all instrumental music. The music assists with escalating certain sences with noisy recesses and afterward can be exceptionally delicate in different parts to make a quiet situation. Generally speaking this is film has amazing sound quality. Club There are numerous particular audio cues utilized in the film Casino. There is the sound of a jam-packed room and individuals betting in the club. There are hints of machines hitting the triumphant blend and individuals praising the cash they simply won.

Economics Commentary

Financial matters Internal Assessment Writing a Commentary on News article Task 1 Headline: Pharmaceutical goliath Paladol misinterpret its market by raising the cost on its smash hit cerebral pain alleviation tablet. Value flexibility of interest (PED) is a proportion of the responsiveness or affectability of shoppers to an adjustment in the cost of a specific decent. In this article, Paladol raised the cost of its item, which was a misstep; there are a ton of different meds for a migraine and the vast majority of them would be less expensive which is what Paladol ought to have considered before raising their price.PED= Percentage change in amount demandedPercentage change in price=%? QD%? P Cross-value versatility of interest (XED) measures the responsiveness of customers of a specific decent to an adjustment in the cost of a related decent, the two supplements and substitutes. In this article, be that as it may, we will concentrate more on the substitute merchandise. XED= Percenta ge change in amount of good APercentage change in cost of good B=%? QA%? PB Substitute merchandise are products or items that one may handily use instead of another; in light of the fact that they’re so comparable, an expansion in the cost of one may lead shoppers to change utilization to the substitute.The replacement impact (which underlies the law of interest) expresses that as the cost of a decent abatements, buyers change from different products to this great since its cost is nearly lower. As the cost of Paladol builds we can see the substitute impact, individuals changing from Paladol which is costly to Tylonel, for instance; since its cost is as yet a similar which is less expensive than Paladol. Request is a bend indicating the different measures of an item customers need and can buy at differentâ pricesâ during a particular time of time.When Paladol expanded its cost for a specific migraine help medication, buyers reacted by diminishing their acquisition of that c ostly item, which diminished the amount requested; a development up and left along the interest bend. Customers will presently request another great that is less expensive, a substitute, for instance tylonel. Diagram A speaks to Paladol. As the cost increment for the item the gracefully diminishes (a move of the flexibly bend to one side) in light of the fact that the makers need to make more benefit and increment their complete revenue.However, the interest is gradually diminishing for Paladol as individuals understand that there are less expensive migraine help meds; a development up and left along the interest bend as was referenced before. Along these lines, shoppers begin changing to substitute products. Chart B speaks to Tylonel (a substitute useful for Paladol). As the interest for Paladol diminishes, the interest for tylonel begins expanding; a move of the interest bend to one side. This occurs as it’s less exorbitant for consumers.The absolute income for Paladol will diminish because of the reduction in amount bought and that will likewise diminish their benefit as the expense is presently more than the deals. Be that as it may, the absolute income for Tylonel will currently increment because of the decline in Paladol’s abatement of amount requested. Paladol misinterpreted their market by speculation it has a generally inelastic interest and that in the event that they expanded their costs a little it won’t change the amount requested by much.A firm delivering at an amount and cost blend along the inelastic scope of its interest bend can generally profit by lessening its yield and expanding its cost, since buyers will be moderately inert and all out incomes will in this manner increaseâ€that didn’t function admirably with Paladol. As their interest wasn’t inelastic, that arrangement couldn’t work out for them. They had a moderately versatile interest and one reason of why they have a flexible interest is th at they have a great deal of substitute merchandise and rivalry in that specific great (cerebral pain help prescriptions are very common).As an aftereffect of this confusion made by them, the amount requested diminished and caused a lessening in the all out income and benefit made by Paladol too. Because of their awful choice, Paladol will positively endure a misfortune which is an abatement in all out income. In any case, their opposition (firm of substitute merchandise) will acquire buyers along these lines expanding their all out income. The purchasers won’t endure or at the end of the day they won’t be influenced by Paladol’s choice to raise their cost as they will have numerous substitutes to pick from.As Paladol is creating at a yield and cost mix along the flexible range, the firm could profit on the off chance that they change their costs once more, this time by bringing down them since customers are generally cost delicate and the rate increment in amou nt sold will surpassed the rate decline in cost, improving the firm’s income figures and giving Paladol an upper hand over the market of cerebral pain medications indeed.

Study Tips for Choosing Demonstration Essay Topics

Study Tips for Choosing Demonstration Essay TopicsDemonstration essay topics are as important as the essay itself. The number of essay writing websites that will require this amount of research has increased dramatically. That is why you need to study and prepare for your own, if you want to make sure you get accepted.The best way to determine which topic you should use is to start with the essay you already have and work backwards. Find an essay topic that interests you, one that you feel you would enjoy writing and then do a little research about it. Do not be afraid to put yourself in situations that test your writing ability. You will get an idea of what you like and dislike about writing on the topic.Once you know what you like, you can determine which topic you should use. Many students choose the essay topic that is one of the most well known. Take some time to research the topic, talk to professors and find out what professors who are currently writing on the topic are saying . This is the best method to get some opinions about what the students are getting themselves into.When you have a wide variety of topics to choose from, you have the ability to mix them up and present three or four different ideas in your essay. It is important to choose topics that interest you because they will be the reason you make a connection between your essay and what others may be finding interesting. Writing in your signature area makes it easier to remember the information you are reading.To maximize your time writing on these topics, divide your paper into two-three-four paragraphs. The same goes for structure. Break your essay up into sections that fit the topic, but do not assume that they need to be wordy or lengthy. An idea may need only a few sentences or even a paragraph.Another point of discussion to consider when choosing demonstration essay topics is the proper grammar. Make sure that the grammar is correct and will be legible to the reader. There is nothing wo rse than reading a poorly written argument because of poor grammar.Lastly, ensure that you take notes while you are writing on your essay. Writing with a pen is nice, but if you cannot write without one, take a printed version of your written essay and make sure you remember what you wrote and how it should look. Many times it is worth your time to print the paper instead of proofreading it or rewriting it in order to make sure you wrote everything correctly.Some students opt to spend the time researching the topic before they start writing on it because the only way to become proficient at writing on a topic is to practice. When you do research beforehand, you are going to find a lot of ways to improve your essay so you can get better. The more you practice, the better you will become at writing and proofreading.

A Report On Medical Transcription Essay - 926 Words

Bill is mailed for any service the physician provided at SCHC before ambulance arrived. Describe the information maintained in the ED register. Patient is transferred out of the facility. Approximately how many patients does the ED treat in an average day? Patient is transferred out of the facility. Medical Transcription Review established procedures for medical transcription. Is medical transcription performed at the hospital, or is it outsourced? Medical transcription is outsourced to a company called MModal. Describe how and where physicians access the dictation equipment. What dictation system is used? One of the equipment for dictation physicians used is called Dragon. Dragon is a speech recognition system that dictates directly into NextGen the EHR. The physician at South Carolina Heart Center use Dragon to report the Office Notes of the patient. Dragon can be access anywhere by calling the direct telephone line and pressing the physician’s two digit pin and two digit work type (Appendix F). Is medical transcription productivity and quality monitored? How? Yes, medical transcriptionists at MModal are paid six cents per line and the quality is monitored by MModal. What controls are used to determine the status of dictated reports? Time, physicians have a twenty-four hour period to dictate after seeing a patient. If an outside transcription service is used, describe the procedure for sending and receiving the material. Discuss any benefits orShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Medical Transcription1326 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Medical Transcription? Medical Transcription, commonly known as MT, is a form of record keeping. It is an allied health profession. Doctors/Physicians or other medical personnel dictate and record medical reports about patients. These dictations generally discuss patients’ current symptoms, their medical history, known allergies, diagnostic process and suggested treatments. 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This Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report (MMWR) issued by the CDC is the first reporting of the AIDS outbreak that was soon to follow. Once the report was issued, the CDC received 26b reports of similar cases of this pneumonia along with Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS), a rare skin cancer, among the same demographic in New York and California. Because the disease was limitedRead More The Outsourcing of Private Medical Information Offshore Essay2002 Words   |  9 PagesThe Outsourcing of Private Medical Information Offshore The estimated $20 billion medical transcription industry[1] turns a doctor’s audio notes into an electronic record. These notes could contain diagnosis, x-ray analysis or a myriad of information essential for communication between healthcare providers[2]. It could also contain sensitive information such as whether a patient has cancer, a sexually transmitted disease, or some other information that the patient would like to keep privateRead MoreRegulatory Compliance And The Auditing Process1323 Words   |  6 Pagesbetter assist internal and external customers , and make appropriate recommendations to Executive Management, Hospital Departmental Managers, Physician Practice Administrators, Human Resources professionals, Finance, Administration, Nursing and Medical Staff professionals regarding privacy and compliance incidents and incident investigations that result in employee disciplinary actions and recommended employee terminations. We are getting significantly more regulatory, privacy, information securityRead MoreWgu Nut1 Nursing Informatics1481 Words   |  6 PagesNUT1 Task 1 Western Governors University NUT1 NUT1 Task 1 What is EMR? Electronic Medical Records â€Å"a paperless, digital and computerized system of maintaining patient data, designed to increase the efficiency and reduce documentation errors by streamlining the process.†(Santiago, n.d., para. 1) Benefits of EMR * Paper records can be reduced or completely eliminated. * Less time consuming. * Enhances efficiency. * Reduces errors in documentation, as the process of entering information

King, Warrior, Magician, Lover Rediscovering Of The...

Lance Capili Ap English / Per.7 8/27/14 King, Warrior, Magician, Lover: Rediscovering of the Mature Masculine â€Å"King, Warrior, Magician, Lover: Rediscovering the Archetypes of the Mature Masculine† by Robert Moore and Douglas Gillette, and HarperCollins Publisher. The book is about the 4 type of archetype of Masculinity, but it is use with different purpose. I love the pace of the book and the message the author is trying to get across is prominent, but there is somethings that I don’t completely agree with. Masculinity has four types of archetype, but they also come with different purpose. The first archetype is the king. There is two different types of kings: King in his fullness and The divine child. In king in his fullness is divided into a positive and a negative, the positive is the tyrant and the negative is the weakling. The divine is divided into a positive and a negative also and the positive is the high chair tyrant and the negative is the weakling prince. The king is the source of the kingdom, everything goes through him and when a king dies so is the kingdom, but soon after the king dies he is replace by another well deserved king.. When the king is wise and smart, all of his people will be safe from any harm and will be eating good food. When the king becomes weak the kingdom’s security goes down too and the people feels unsafe. Basically, the king provides the blessing and fertility to the kingdom. The second archetype is the warrior. A warrior is the type

Why Did the Vikings Invade England Free Essays

During the 700’s, the Vikings began to raid English monasteries and churches to trade and sell. The Anglo-Saxons at the time had never seen such merciless men. In the Anglo-Saxon chronicles, the Vikings are described as ‘sea-borne pagans’, as all of the Vikings came on huge war-ships from what we would now refer to as Scandinavia. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did the Vikings Invade England? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Vikings had originally come from Sweden, Denmark and Norway, and they were certainly very vicious people. The first raids came in the late 700’s, and began as just bloody, frightening raids. The first recorded were of unprotected monasteries on the south coast of England- Lindisfarne, in 793; Jarrow, in 794; and Iona, in 795. And although these raids were terrifying for the Anglo-Saxons, they were yet unaware of the blood-shed and fear to come†¦ In 835, Kent was attacked, and no stone was left unturned in the Vikings’ search for valuable treasure. Everything was a mess and the Saxons were panicking, but this Kentish raid unexpectedly lead to a full-scale invasion 30 years later. By the 840s, the Vikings were heavily involved in over-seas trading and raiding, and had travelled all over most of Europe. But this, it would seem, was not enough. The land in Scandinavia could not suffice to feed the over-populated region, whereas the land in England was healthy, and ready to be used- or stolen. The Vikings would have known where the majority of the unprotected churches and monasteries were in Europe and Russia, and they used this to their advantage. Casual raids became expected by the 850s and eventually converted to huge invasions and settlements, which of course would mean England. By 860, the Vikings were settled in Britain- arriving in hundreds and thousands from the two main routes they used to raid and invade†¦ How to cite Why Did the Vikings Invade England?, Papers

Response to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Example

Response to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay This landmark speech of the Civil Rights Movement is one of the most powerful public orations ever. It was delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. on 28th August 1963 at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. The speech is exceptional for both its logical merit and emotional appeal. Indeed reading the transcript of the speech dilutes some of its rhetorical effects that were witnessed firsthand by the fortunate congregation at the Lincoln Memorial. King uses a range of allusions and symbols to reinforce his message of racial equality. He uses Biblical phraseology as fluently as he quotes from the preamble to the Constitution. He also uses common everyday experiences such as ‘en-cashing checks’ to illustrate a political point. Though the speech is delivered for political mobilization and has for its subject the deep-rooted social malaise of racial discrimination, it does not sacrifice its rhetorical flourishes. The combination of a powerful rallying cry del ivered with a style bordering on poetic recitation makes it the most singular. It is hard to find any flaws with the speech. This is testified by the fact that it continues to be a source of inspiration for social activists even today. Reference: King Jr. Martin Luther, â€Å"I Have a Dream†, Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963 Malcolm Gladwell has attempted to create a unique style of scholarship that navigates between science and popular culture. As a result he has earned the wrath from both quarters. For example, scientists accuse him for being simplistic or lacking in rigor. On the other side, commentators from mainstream media accuse him of bringing esoteric scientific concepts to popular discourse. Yet, his book The Tipping Point has sold more than a 3 million copies. His other titles such as Blink (2005), Outliers (2008), David and Goliath (2013), etc, continue to fascinate and provoke in equal measure. Despite the controversies surrounding some of Gladwell’s inferences, his ideas and philosophies have become assimilated into popular discourse. It is an interesting exercise to study how the most important social movement of recent times – Occupy Wall Street movement (OWS) – measures up in relation to the author’s theories. This essay endeavors to perform the same. We will write a custom essay sample on Response to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Response to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Response to I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Occupy .

Reading Comprehension Worksheet 1 Answers

Reading Comprehension Worksheet 1 Answers If you have gone through the Reading Comprehension Worksheet 1 Escaping the Endless Adolescence,  then  read the answers below. These reading comprehension worksheet answers are affiliated with the article, so they wont make much sense by themselves. Reading Comprehension Worksheet 1 Answers Escaping the Endless Adolescence 1. This passage is narrated from the point of view of (C) a concerned therapist who works with struggling young adults. Why? A is incorrect because it uses the word bulimia, and the disorder was anorexia. Plus, you wouldnt expect concerned parents to take their child to see a college professor for help. B is incorrect because its an older person telling the story. D is incorrect because sleeping and compulsive disorders are never discussed nor implied. E is incorrect because a college student would not have an office or visits from concerned parents. 2. According to the worksheet passage, Perrys two biggest problems were (A) being an unhappy achiever and his parents increase of his mental strain. Why? Look at lines 26–27 and lines 38–39. The problems are stated explicitly. 3. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) describe one young mans struggle with anorexia and, in doing so, provide possible reasons a young person may resort to an eating disorder. Why? To start, look at the verbs at the beginning of the answers. You can get rid of answer choices B and C because the passage neither advocates for anyone nor compares anything. D is incorrect because the passage is largely unemotional, and E is wrong because its too broad: The passage focuses on one young man and his struggle more than it focuses on todays youth as a whole. 4. The author uses which of the following in the sentence starting on line 18: But beneath his academic success, Perry faced a world of troubles, and while he took awhile to get to know, eventually the problems came pouring out? (E) metaphor Why? But beneath his academic success, Perry faced a world of troubles, and while he took awhile to get to know, eventually the problems came pouring out. Actually, the sentence in the passage uses two metaphors: world of troubles and pouring out. The author compares the amount of troubles facing Perry to a world without using the word like or as. He also compares Perrys relating of his troubles to pouring, two explicitly different ideas connected without the simile signifiers. 5. In the second  sentence of the last paragraph, the word inadvertently most nearly means (D) mistakenly Why? Heres where your vocabulary knowledge or your ability to understand vocab words in context comes in handy. If you didnt know the meaning of the word, you could assume some things based on the text: But in their efforts to nurture and support him, his parents inadvertently increased his mental strain. Nurturing and supporting are positive things. With the but you know that the opposite is true in the last part of the sentence, so you could assume that the parents didnt mean to increase his mental strain, thus, answer D.

The Shack by William P. Young - Book Review

'The Shack' by William P. Young - Book Review The Bottom Line The Shack by William P. Young has become a phenomenon. This book originally written by Young for his kids was rejected by mainstream and Christian publishers alike. Young and friends started their own publishing house to produce it, and now there are more than one million copies in print and it has topped bestsellers charts for weeks. The Shack does not have amazing character depth, and the dialogue sometimes seems forced; however, it is a thought-provoking book that is a worth reading as an entry into thinking about suffering and Gods role in the world. Pros The Shack delves into some of lifes biggest questionsThe Shack is easy to readThe Shack provides an artistic avenue for understanding Christian truths Cons The dialogue is forced some parts are cheesy - This isnt great literatureThere are some theological holes Description The Shack is published by Windblown Media.Published: May 2007253 pages Guide Review - The Shack by William P. Young - Book Review The Shack by William P. Young is a story about Mack, a man whose daughter is kidnapped and brutally murdered. A few years after her murder, Mack receives an invitation from God to meet Him at the shack where they found his daughters bloody clothes. Mack goes and works through the meaning of suffering as he spends the weekend with the Trinity, uniquely portrayed (God the Father is a large black woman, for instance). Why is The Shack so popular? Is it actually a must read? To the first question, I can only say that I think The Shack is asking some of the most important questions people can ask, and exploring the answers in a way that is very accessible. While reading, I understood its appeal these are the very questions that I wrestle with in my heart, and Young works through them in a very comforting way. As to whether The Shack is a must read, Id say, that depends. It sort of reminds me of the words, I love you. There is nothing especially unique about them, and they are extremely overused. From certain people or in certain situations, you are likely to dismiss or even be infuriated by hearing them uttered. Of course, from the right person, hearing them can be one of the most powerful experiences of your life. So with The Shack. This is a decidedly Christian answer in a somewhat shallow story with forced dialogue. Its not the best writing in the world, but I can easily see how if you read The Shack at the right moment, it has the power to change your life. I know Im still thinking about it, and I received enough gems from the novel to recommend it to others.

Retail Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Retail Marketing - Case Study Example "We want to be the best clothing retailer in the United Kingdom. We strive to exceed our customers' expectations, for our customer is our king. Our stores are well situated and easy to reach. The environment is to be treated with care. We sell fashionable clothes of excellent quality and price. Our employees are our treasure. Our goals are double-digit sales growth and satisfaction of our shareholders in the long run." Next Retail Limited has 383 stores in the UK and Ireland and also 1 in Denmark as in January 2006. Apart from these Retail Stores Next also has 80 franchise stores overseas, operated by eight franchise partners. Next franchise stores are spread across 14 countries namely: Bahrain, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Iceland, Indonesia, Japan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malta, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Slovak Republic and United Arab Emirates. Next products can also be ordered online by the help of Next Directory which is their mail order and internet shopping service. Orders can be delivered to customers' homes or to a store of their choice for collection. Next Directory has approximately 1,905,000 active customers showing an increase of 14.8% from the previous year. NEXT operates through five divisions: NEXT Retail operates the high street shops through more than 330 stores covering the UK and Ireland; NEXT Directory is the mail order division which also contain the e-commerce platform; NEXT Overseas operates retail outlets in the United States, Asia, Continental Europe, and the Middle East through franchise agreements; Ventura runs the financial services division. Other activities include telecommunications software services and property management. Other Departments of NEXT include: Next Distribution Limited is Next's warehousing and distribution service. It is responsible for maintaining the appropriate inventory levels in its warehouses and provide distribution services their designated stores on as and when needed basis. Next First Retail Finance Limited - operates a funded credit business for a limited number of stores and mail order customers. Next Financial Service Limited - provides support services to the business operations of Next Retail Limited. It does not offer any consumer credit. Next Sourcing Limited (NSL) - a sourcing company working exclusively to design, source, buy and merchandise Next branded products. It employs over 1,000 people in China, Hong Kong, India, Romania, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Turkey. NSL also owns and operates a garment factory in Sri Lanka which manufactures exclusively for Next Retail Limited and employs a further 2,000 people. NEXT Retail accounted for

Employee Relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Relation - Essay Example For instance, this strategy has attracted over 16% of professionals working in the private sector in 2014. Unions have developed several strategies for the attraction of new membership. One of the strategies is the development of a constant communication with the workers. This is one of the core activities adopted by trade unions. They maintain constant contacts with the members, especially in their workplaces. This helps in the attraction of new members through an assurance of the protection of their rights. The communication also aids in the creation of internal debates among the workers and the unions, for the identification of areas that are prone to limitations in terms of membership acquisition. These strategies have shaped the trade unions in relation to an increase in the membership base. In addition, different unions have created special committees that have specific roles that relates to a particular set of workers. For instance, most of the unions have created the women’s department that ensures the female workers of their representation and equal rights in the unions. This strategy has led to the implementation of particular processes for increased membership (Waddington, 2003). It also assumes that for it to succeed in attracting new members, the committees created need to address the issues of the particular groups. This has occurred in several unions that have considered the interests of the workers such as the improvement of their working conditions. The ultimate outcome is that the unions that have considered such interests have registered quite a huge number of new members. Finally, unions have developed interesting strategies that appeal to younger workers to persuade them into the membership (Hollinshead et al. 2003). For instance, the unions organize certain events, debates, and seminars that appeal

The Morality of Managed Care Essay -- Health Care Medical Medicine Ess

The Morality of Managed Care "The preservation of health is a duty" according to Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher (Andrews, 1993). Managed care conglomerates provide health coverage for increasing numbers of Americans. Many critics question whether these businesses provide care dutifully. At the very least, the present managed care system requires health care providers and recipients to reexamine established principles underling physician-patient interaction. Although health maintenance organizations are commonly misunderstood, Americans hope these institutions will dampen runaway health care expenditures. Since HMO's are increasing in number, health care recipients need to examine how established, ethical principles in America are changing. These subtle alterations create conflicts between physicians, HMO's, and patients. Ultimately, patients are regarded as consumers, and understandably, quality care may be more difficult to obtain. Definition Of Managed Care Although numerous health care plans presently exist, managed care plans have dominated the marketplace since the early 1980's. Preferred provider organizations (PPO's) and health maintenance organizations (HMO's) are the most common, and they continue to grow in number. Since managed care has become commonplace, the differences between PPO's, HMO's and fee-for-service reimbursement arrangements must be critically evaluated. Without understanding their general organizational and payment structures, moral judgments pertaining to varying plans cannot be ascertained easily. PPO's contract with a limited number of physicians and hospitals who agree to care for patients on a discounted fee for service basis. On the other hand, HMO's amass insurers and providers... ...ew York Times, July 15, 1996, pp. A13. Kassirer, Jerome P. "Managed Care and the Morality of the Marketplace" The New England Journal of Medicine, July 6, 1995, pp. 50-52. King, Cheryl S. "Managed Care: Is It Moral." Advanced Practical Nursing, 1995, pp. 7-11. Larson, Erik. "The Soul of an HMO." Time, January 22, 1996, pp. 44-52. Light, Donald W. "The Practice and Ethics of Risk-rated Health Insurance." The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, pp. 2503-2508. Peliegrino, Edmund D. "Ethics." The Journal of the American Medical Association, June 1, 1994, pp. 1668-1670. Relman, Arnold S. "What Market Values Are Doing to Medicine." The Atlantic Monthly, March 1992, pp. 99-106. Shenkin, Budd N. "The Independent Practice Association in Theory and Practice." The Journal of the American Medical Association, June 28, 1995, pp. 1937-1942. The Morality of Managed Care Essay -- Health Care Medical Medicine Ess The Morality of Managed Care "The preservation of health is a duty" according to Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher (Andrews, 1993). Managed care conglomerates provide health coverage for increasing numbers of Americans. Many critics question whether these businesses provide care dutifully. At the very least, the present managed care system requires health care providers and recipients to reexamine established principles underling physician-patient interaction. Although health maintenance organizations are commonly misunderstood, Americans hope these institutions will dampen runaway health care expenditures. Since HMO's are increasing in number, health care recipients need to examine how established, ethical principles in America are changing. These subtle alterations create conflicts between physicians, HMO's, and patients. Ultimately, patients are regarded as consumers, and understandably, quality care may be more difficult to obtain. Definition Of Managed Care Although numerous health care plans presently exist, managed care plans have dominated the marketplace since the early 1980's. Preferred provider organizations (PPO's) and health maintenance organizations (HMO's) are the most common, and they continue to grow in number. Since managed care has become commonplace, the differences between PPO's, HMO's and fee-for-service reimbursement arrangements must be critically evaluated. Without understanding their general organizational and payment structures, moral judgments pertaining to varying plans cannot be ascertained easily. PPO's contract with a limited number of physicians and hospitals who agree to care for patients on a discounted fee for service basis. On the other hand, HMO's amass insurers and providers... ...ew York Times, July 15, 1996, pp. A13. Kassirer, Jerome P. "Managed Care and the Morality of the Marketplace" The New England Journal of Medicine, July 6, 1995, pp. 50-52. King, Cheryl S. "Managed Care: Is It Moral." Advanced Practical Nursing, 1995, pp. 7-11. Larson, Erik. "The Soul of an HMO." Time, January 22, 1996, pp. 44-52. Light, Donald W. "The Practice and Ethics of Risk-rated Health Insurance." The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, pp. 2503-2508. Peliegrino, Edmund D. "Ethics." The Journal of the American Medical Association, June 1, 1994, pp. 1668-1670. Relman, Arnold S. "What Market Values Are Doing to Medicine." The Atlantic Monthly, March 1992, pp. 99-106. Shenkin, Budd N. "The Independent Practice Association in Theory and Practice." The Journal of the American Medical Association, June 28, 1995, pp. 1937-1942.

Project Report on Tumkur Milk Union

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA – AN OVERVIEW: Dairy enterprise is an important occupation of farmers. In India nearly 70% of the people depend on agriculture. It is the backbone of India. Dairy is linked with agriculture industry to a large extent. Animal husbandry in India is an essential part of agriculture. It is mainly a rural occupation closely associated with agriculture. In 1965, National Dairy Development Board [NDDB] was set up with the objective of meeting the demand of milk, especially in urban areas, as well as developing the rural economy through the enhancement of the milk production of the country.In 1970, NDDB took up â€Å"Operation Flood† program in order to organize milk producers’ co-operative in several places in India taking the Karia district [ANAND] co-operative milk producers union limited [AMUL] of Anand, Gujarat as a model with the above object in view. Company profile: Origin of Tumkur Milk Union Limited:- TUMUL was formed on 30th march 1977 and its funding is restricted to the Tumkur district only. TUMUL was formed about for the welfare and upliftment of the milk producers and to make the milk producers procurement a profitable business by using advanced technology.It is formed mainly for serving the customers with better quality milk. TUMUL is situated in Mallasandra which is 11kms away from Tumkur City. It is situated in the rural area, which is outside the jurisdiction local authority such as municipal and co-operation. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANISATION Tumkur is a fast developing industrial town in Karnataka it’s adjacent to Bangalore, about 70kms towards North West of the national highway. The district comprises of 10 taluks with a population of 45 lakhs (2007). The climate is rather dry and the rainfall is normal in the district.The taluk of Pavagada and Sira face significant water shortage throughout the year. The dairy development activities in the district started in December 1976 under the KDDC with the objective of supporting the nearby urban liquid milk market. A farm cooler 60TLPD was started in 1976 Tumkur as a feeder balancing dairy. The co-operative union of the Tumkur milk producers was registered in the year march 1977. A dairy of 1 lakh liters at Tumkur under the OF (Operation Flood) was commissioned and handed over to the union in 1987. DESIGN OF THE STUDY:TITLE OF THE PROJECT : â€Å"Customer satisfaction towards Nandini milk and Awareness, Opinion on Homogenized pure cow milk† STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Any product that wants to survive must concentrate on factors like quality, price, package etc†¦ According to consumer studies have become essential now a days,that to for such perishable food products to know about their preferences towards the various related aspects of the products . So it has becomes essential to know the present level of consumer satisfaction to analyze the future demand for the products.More product awarenes s has become a potential marketing tool in the global market . Even the software industry is also not free from this area. Well designed more products can create promotional value. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The primary objective is to identify the consumer satisfaction level for Nandini milk and Awareness, opinion on homogenized pure cow milk. An attempt to increase the sales can bear fruit only if the consumers are satisfied with the products and services and they go for the product again or even refer to it to other potential buyers.Thus evaluating the current consumer satisfaction level is quiet necessary for improving sales as well as it provides criteria for future sales plans and to develop the marketing plans of the company. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The Study is exclusive conducted for the â€Å"Customers Satisfaction towards Nandini milk and awareness, opinion on Homogenized pure cow milk† in and around the Tumkur City only. It will help to know the factors influencing the customer’s preference about the product and getting their opinion for accepting product RESEARCH DESIGN: PRIMARY SOURCE OF DATA:Primary data are those collected by the investigator himself for the first time and thus they are original in character, they are collected for a particular purpose. A well-structured questionnaire was personally administrated to the selected sample to collect the primary data. SECONDARY SOURCE OF DATA: Two types of secondary data were collected for the preparation of the project work: -Internal Data was generated from company’s brochures, manuals and annual reports. -External Data, on the other hand, was generated from magazines, research books and internet (websites).LIMITATIONS OF STUDY: ? The survey is limited to the potential of areas of Tumkur City only due to limitation of time. ? The sample size is confined to 100 due to lack of time and resource. ? The study focused on memory recall and there is chance of recall bias. It may have intr oduced errors in the survey. ? There is reluctance on the part of respondents. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: ? Nandini milk is purchased by many people because they think that it is a product of Karnataka’s farmers efforts. ? Majority of respondents opt full cream Nandini milk and homogenized pure cow milk to onsume everyday. In Nandini milk there are different types of milk like toned Nandini milk, double toned Nandini milk, special Nandini milk, Good life which are presented to market by TMUKMF to satisfy the different needs of consumers in best possible ways. ? Majority of respondent’s view about Nandini milk’s price is expensive, price was the only major inconvenience about Nandini milk to customers. Few respondents did say that the price is reasonable. ? Majority of respondents have never witnessed any sort of contamination or unhygienic factors in Nandini milk. hich proves that people need not have any doubt or fear while using Nandini milk. ? Majorityof responde nts are aware of Nandini homogenized pure cow milk but still 24% are unaware of the product this shows that company need to concentrate on its promotional activities. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: ? Conduction of Consumer Awareness Program ? Need to maintain constant price for products. ? Adoption of effective advertisement programme. ? Implementation of effective cost controls method. ? Need to improve in packaging of product.CONCLUSION:- Nandini milk as got very good distribution channel and it has agents in every part of the city and the brand image is too good. TMU KMF is providing the best quality products. They have understood the needs of consumer and tried their best to fulfill them. I am sure the company will find my findings relevant and I sincerely hope it uses my suggestions enlisted, which I hope will take them miles ahead of competition. I am sure the company has a very bright future to look forward to and will be a trailblazer in its own right.

Therapeutic Index - 3092 Words

The Inaba text describes the phenomenon of therapeutic index. Addiction to barbiturates can be critical in terms of lethality as measured by the therapeutic index. Describe how this phenomenon might lead to an accidental overdose. Why is this factor more critical with barbiturates than with other classes of depressant drugs? Barbiturates are nonselective central nervous system (CNS) depressants, capable of producing all degrees of depression from mild sedation and hypnosis to general anesthesia, deep coma and death. The extent of CNS depression varies with the route of administration, dose and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the particular barbiturate. Patient specific factors such as age, physical or emotional state and the†¦show more content†¦The drug is usually sold as a white powder, either in colorful capsules, tablets, and suppositories, or dissolved in liquid for injection. Oral ingestion is usually preferred over injection, since results occur quickly enough with the short-acting capsules. Some barb freaks prefer the surging rush that comes with mainlining, however, and ignore the possibilities of severe infection and abscess that may result if the vein is missed and the drug is injected under the skin. Gangrene can occur - if an artery is hit, and may necessitate amputation of the a ffected part. Barbiturates affect the central nervous system by depressing or inhibiting nerve signals in the brain, altering chemical balance and decreasing functions of some organ systems. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and neurological action are all depressed, and general relaxation of the skeletal muscles occurs. Effects of the drug increase according to dosage, as body functions decelerate: from anxiety relief to sedation to hypnosis to anesthesia to coma to death. Once ingested, the drug enters the bloodstream and is distributed throughout- the body, with the highest accumulation in fat deposits and organ tissues. Barbiturates are ultimately metabolized and eliminated through the kidneys and liver. Rate of effect depends on how quickly the drug = moves through the body and is metabolized. Laboratory tests can indicate the presence of barbiturates in the body. Dosage, type of barbiturate,Show MoreRelatedUsing The Hydrate Rather Than The Anhydrous Form Of Theophylline1177 Words   |  5 Pagesmanufactured as modified-release formulations? 10% Theophylline is a narrow therapeutic index drug with an optimum serum concentration range of 10 to 20 micrograms/mL. Above 20 micrograms/mL, toxicity is observed and thus it is crucial that the serum concentration is maintained within the above range. Modified release formulations are used to ensure that the serum concentration remains within the therapeutic range but below toxic levels. This is achieved by reducing the fluctuation in drugRead MoreGeneral Characteristics Of Antimicrobials And Therapeutic Index1434 Words   |  6 Pagescan be measured using the therapeutic index. The therapeutic index is the ratio of the highest dose of the drug that is not toxic to the patient to the amount of drug required to produce the desired effect. A high therapeutic index indicates a drug will be well-tolerated by most people, but a low therapeutic index means a patient being treated with the drug should be carefully monitored for adverse effects. Antimicrobials are designed to have as lar ge a therapeutic index as possible, often by exploitingRead MoreAssessment of Therapeutic Effects of Subcutaneous Corticosteroids in Patients with Migranous Chronic Daily Headaches1613 Words   |  6 PagesBackground and Objective: Neurologic literatrure about therapeutic effect of subcutaneous corticosteroids in patients with migrainous chronic daily headache is scare. Aim of this research is assessment of therapeutic effects of this management in the patients. Methods: Consecutive patients with migrainous chronic daily headache in our headache clinic enrolled a prospective before and after therapeutic study during 2010-2013. Fourty mg Metylprednisolone was divided in four subcutaneous injectionRead MoreFew Animal Studies Have Proved That Gabapentin Has A Potential1722 Words   |  7 Pagesstabilization property of gabapentin, it has been used off-label for a management of neuropathic pain such as traumatic neuroma and post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy (PTTN) etc.[9]. Food and drug administration (FDA) has approved gabapentin as a therapeutic method of restless leg syndrome and postherpetic neuralgia[1]. Gabapentin is shown to not only have benefit on a treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, but also as a possible preventive method of postherpetic neuralgia when administered in additionRead MorePharmacological Intervention Assignment : Patient X2837 Words   |  12 Pagesmild tenderness upon deep palpation to the left lower quadrant, an d well-healed laparoscopic incisions. His vital signs are within normal limits and he rates his left lower quadrant pain as 1/10. He denies nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. His body mass index is normal at 23.67. Because of the history of his diverticulitis, he has been counseled on the likelihood that he will continue to have recurrent episodes unless he opts for sigmoid colectomy. Because of the significant interference these recurrentRead MoreSelf Medication Practices in a Rural Filipino Community21296 Words   |  86 PagesFamily Abstract Objectives: the purpose of the study was to assess the factors affecting prevalence of self- medication practices using commercial drugs of the Rural Filipino Family including its correlation and who among them experienced non therapeutic effect. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross- sectional question based study. The study was conducted in 3 rural, agricultural lands, municipality in three different provinces wherein 2 municipalities were accomplished around the RegionRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 Pagesnormal growth process, because they fail to achieve ideal weight and height expectancy. Psychologist are able to determine if an individual meets anorexia weight cutoff requirement by measuring how thin their patients are by calculating body mass index (BMI) DSM-5 Anorexia Nervosa Diagnoses Criterion â€Å"Criterion (A) focuses on behaviors, like restricting calorie intake, and no longer includes the word â€Å"Refusal† in terms of weight maintenance since that implies intention on the part of the patientRead MorePhysiology Assignment : Client Report2047 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom your pre-test questionnaire that you were an asthmatic and required an inhaler, before the test we asked if you had completed any of the given tests before and that you felt comfortable to participate in them. Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI = 36.2 Body mass index is a formula created by Adolphe Quetelet which is used to estimate your weight relative to your height. The calculation used is Weight (KG) + Height (cm)  ². Why do we measure BMI? It is important to measure your BMI as in can indicateRead MoreThe Assessment And Care Of A Fabricated Patient2590 Words   |  11 PagesThis focuses on three important features – respect, compassion and sensitivity, (Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2014) aiding the therapeutic relationship, (Cobb et al, 2012) which in turn will provide better care for the patient as they begin to entrust the nurse with their care and communicate more efficiently. Mrs Ford, a clinically obese female with a body mass index (BMI) of 30, has been admitted following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with a left sided hemiparesis; making it difficult forRead MoreAntibiotics Are Antibiotics Used For?1198 Words   |  5 Pagessynthetic depending on how they are produced. Selective toxicity? A therapeutic dose of a drug is the amount needed to produce the desired effect of the drug – in the case of antibiotics it is a dose high enough to provide the treatment for the infection. A toxic dose is a dose which will produce toxic effects to the host. The therapeutic index is a ratio of the therapeutic dose to the toxic dose. At a high therapeutic index antibiotics will kill or inhibit pathogens without causing damage to

Hong Kong Housing Problem Is Not Only Attributed to the...

Hong Kong Housing Problem is not only attributed to the High Population Density Every Hong Kong citizen knows one of the grave troubles in Hong Kong is housing problem. The order of severity can be apparently reflected by many figures in recent research studies. †Rents up 22 per cent in Hong Kongâ€Å" (2011) remarks that â€Å"the price of renting two-bedroom accommodation rose by 22% to US$2,830 a month between 2009 and 2010â€Å" ( ¶2). Subcommittee on Building Safety and Related Issues (2010) also observes that â€Å"from 2005 to 2009, the [Buildings Department] received a total of 2,890 complaints concerning sub-division of flat units† (P.3). Housing becomes a luxury commodity. Many citizens of upper class own a few big hair houses for trading with†¦show more content†¦The property developers acquire the land with a high cost. They sell the flats with high prices so as to keep the profit. Moreover, the property developers’ hoarding of residentia l land is another main cause. Perry (2010) claims that â€Å"six major Hong Kong developers are sitting on projects that could provide a total of 42.6 million square of living space when completed, or about 43,000 apartments averaging 1,000 square feet† ( ¶4). Only the living space under construction owned by the land developers is ample to be resided by 43,000 families after development. This living space may not solve the entire housing problem, but at least ameliorates the situation by a significant extent. Due to hoarded land, the market is in a shortage of land supply. Therefore the prices and rents of flats rise and the property developers earn a tremendous profit. In addition to the postponement of the residential building, in Law of Hong Kong, there is not a perfect and unified regulation of the time range to finish building after purchasing the land, implying that the property developers can thoroughly bridle the market. Apart from the concerns in land supply, immi gration from mainland promotes the housing demand. Starting from 40s, immigration being not governed, there was an influx of Chinese immigrants due to the Cultural Revolution, the Anti-Japanese War and the Civil War. Policy restraining the number of immigrants soon executed.Show MoreRelatedWal-Mart Stores: Every Day Low Prices in China11767 Words   |  48 PagesStores, China had long been a strategic imperative. 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Next is a discussion of how customer satisfaction leading to profits is the central goal of hospitalityRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 PagesMiddle-aged Adults 11 Older Population 12 Table 1 Consumer Segmentation: 2005-2009 12 Table 2 Consumer Segmentation: 2010-2020 13 People 13 Population 13 Marital Status 14 Town Or Country 15 Table 3 Population by Age: 2005-2009 15 Table 4 Population by Age: 2010-2020 16 Table 5 Male Population by Age: 2005-2009 16 Table 6 Male Population by Age: 2010-2020 16 Table 7 Female Population by Age: 2005-2009 16 Table 8 Female Population by Age: 2010-2020 17 Table 9 Population by Ethnic Groups: 2005-2009Read MoreEntrepreneurship in Pakistan20067 Words   |  81 PagesCities 29 (e) Identifying ‘Lemons’ 30 (f) Releasing the Energy of the Domestic Sector 31 Annexures 33 References 52 ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship is viewed by economists to be a combination of innovation and risk taking. When such activity thrives, high growth rates are achieved as well as opportunities offered to all segments of society, including the poor. The latter benefit form growth and employment as well as through opportunities for entrepreneurship. In Pakistan innovation and risk takingRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesunderscore and reinforce the importance of understanding different cultures, national systems, and corporate management practices around the world. Students and managers now recognize that all business is global and that the world is now interconnected not only geographically but also electronically and psychologically; it is hard to imagine any business or nonbusiness organization that is not directly affected by globalization. Yet, as cultural, political, and economic differences persist, savvy internationalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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The Odyssey Essay - 2009 Words

japanese-American During WWII By: Japanese immigrants and the following generations had to endure discrimination, racism, and prejudice from white Americans. They were first viewed as economic competition. The Japanese Americans were then forced into internment camps simply because of the whites fear and paranoia. The Japanese first began to immigrate to the United States in 1868. At first they came in small numbers. US Census records show only 55 in 1870 and 2,039 in 1890. After that, they came in much greater numbers, reaching 24,000 in 1900, 72,000 in 1910, and 111,000 in 1920.(Parrillo,287) Most settled in the western states.(Klimova,1) Many families in Japan followed the practice of primogeniture, which is when the eldest son†¦show more content†¦Their native born children, the Nisei (second-generation), were automatically US citizens. Thus, the Issei had land put under their children’s names directly or by collectively owning stock in landholding companies. Disc rimination against the Japanese continued after World War I. The California legislature passed a law in 1920 â€Å"prohibiting aliens form being guardians of a minor’s property or from leasing any land at all.†(Parrillo,288) Yet another attempt by the dominant group to preserve power. Japanese American children also suffered racism and discrimination. In 1905, the San Francisco School Board of Education passed a policy sending Japanese children to a segregated Oriental school in Chinatown.(Parrillo,288) â€Å"Superintendent, Aaron Altmann, advised the city’s principals: â€Å"Any child that may apply for enrollment or at present attends your school who may be designated under the head of ‘Mongolian’ must be excluded, and in furtherance of this please direct them to apply at the Chinese school for enrollment.†(Asia,1) Japanese immigrants being extremely racially distinct, had different cultural customs and religious faith, and tended to chain migrate and stay within their own small communities. This aroused distrust and the idea that they could not be assimilated.(Klimova,2) Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese war in 1905 fueled the irrational distrust and prejudice. It led to the Gentlemen’s Agreement ofShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey : The Aeneid And The Odyssey1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Aeneid and the Odyssey are perhaps two of the most famous epic poems to come out of the ancient world. Both stories involve acts of heroism, divine intervention, and ultimately, victory. They both offer insights into the cultures of Rome and Greece at the time of their writings. Additionally, both works stem from the same event (the Trojan War) but follow different characters, touching on different aspects of the idealized hero in Roman and Greek culture. We must first start by discussing whoRead MoreThe Odyssey739 Words   |  3 PagesIn Greek Mythology, women were either very fierce or very weak. Women were usually defined by wits, beauty, or bad deeds. In The Odyssey women were not in the background. On the contrary, women were powerful. They charmed and controlled men, provided wisdom, and took care of them. The Odyssey appears to be strongly female based. Penelope is the wife of Odysseus who is the king of Ithaca. When Odysseus is called off to the Trojan War Penelope shows great faithfulness and wit. She stays faithfulRead MoreThe Odyssey1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe Odyssey In Homer’s epic, The Odyssey, each culture treats strangers and guests with distinct differences from every other culture. One of the most hospitable cultures was that of the ancient Greeks, exemplified in Homer s The Odyssey by both gracious hosts and guests. In Greece and The Odyssey, not only was good hospitality etiquette expected, but the added pressure that if they didn’t treat their guests with respect the gods would punish them further compelled excellent manners. The OdysseyRead MoreThe Odyssey1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey has captured minds for over 2700 years, and the story of Odysseus shows his determination to fight and conquer obstacles with and without the help of the Gods. The story dates back before 1000B.c. (The Modern Library, 1950, p.VI) His creative and cunning tactics throughout the story show his determination to reach his homeland of Ithaca. After conquering the Trojan War, Odysseus was told by Poseidon â€Å"man is nothing without the gods†. Poseidon felt Odysseus was not thankful for Poseidon’sRead MoreOdyssey Death and Rebirth in the Odyssey1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey, by Homer, is a classical piece of Greek literature. Throughout The Odyssey, the Blind Bard makes use of many literary techniques in order to lend meaning to the poem beyond its existence as a work of historic fiction and aid his readers in the comprehension of the tale. One of these techniques is the use of motifs. A motif is a recurring theme that is used throughout the work. In The Odyssey, Homer makes use of many motifs including eating/drinking, Odysseus sRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pages8th century, The Odyssey, is Homer s epic of Odysseus 10-year struggle to return home after the Trojan War. Odysseus defining character traits, such as nobility, courage, thirst for the glory and the appealing confidence in his authority dominated the storyline throughout. The many themes of this epic mainly focus around the Greek hero Odysseus however in my essay I will attempt to analyze hospitality. Hospitality shaped an important part of social interactions in The Odyssey. Although Greek societyRead MoreThe Odyssey1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe Odyssey, one of the most well known epic stories Introduces Odysseus, the King of Ithaca. This story demonstrates Odysseus’s physical and intellectual strength. Striving to return home after 20 years of his treacherous journey, he uses strength, skill, and superior ability to overcome his troubles. Although he faced numerous obstacle s and fought many battles, he made it appoint to get home to his kingdom through his physical ability, intellectual insight, and overcoming his epic flaw. InRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey1267 Words   |  6 PagesLife in The Odyssey In The Odyssey, Odysseus is constantly being challenged. He is being challenged, so Homer can show us the standards for life in The Odyssey. There is no doubt that Odysseus is a great man, Homer even says so in the beginning lines of the text. Although Odysseus is a great man, he also makes mistakes but not any that he doesn t pay for. We learn the representation of life in The Odyssey through Odysseus challenges. Throughout the book, Odysseus specifically struggles with arroganceRead MoreThe Odyssey Essay : The Journey Of The Odyssey701 Words   |  3 Pages The Odyssey is a a beautiful Epic about a man who has hope through his entire journey.When we see him on Calypso he has been to sea for a while, while he wants to go home he continues to go to her bed each night,however regrets it in the morning.One part about this journey that sticks out is why its taking so long.It wouldnt have taken this long is he didnt poke out Poseidons son (Polyphemus) eye,which let to the Polyphemu s praying that Odysseus does return home he just happens to return homeRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey848 Words   |  4 Pagesin their way. This is not a new thought; however, even the Greeks before Christ felt this way. In Homer’s Odyssey, many of the characters express the troubles that the gods have caused them, and the gods argue the exact opposite. The gods claim, â€Å"Mortals! They are always blaming the gods for their troubles when their own witlessness causes them more than they were destined for.† The Odyssey demonstrates that humans and not the gods are responsible for their own strife. Odysseus exemplifies how men

History of Western Society Ch 13 Outline Free Essays

History of Western Society Sixth Edition Chapter 13 Outline I. The Evolution of the Italian Renaissance A. Economic growth laid the material basis 1. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Western Society Ch 13 Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cultural achievements of the 14th to 16th centuries 2. Northern Italian cities led the way 3. Advances in ship construction greatly increased the volume of goods that could be transported; improvements in the mechanics of sailing accelerated speed 4. Italian renaissance appeared in Florence 5. The economic foundations of Florence was so strong that even severe crisis could not destroy the city 6. Driving enterprise, technical know-how, and competitive spirit saw Florence through the difficult economic period of the late 14th century B. Communes and Republics 1. The Northern Italian cities were communes, sworn associations 2. Groups tied by blood, economic interests, and social connections 3. A properly qualification, years of residence within the city, and social connections 4. In the 15th century, political power and elite culture entered on the princely courts of despots and oligarchs C. The Balance of Power Among the Italian City States 1. Passionate attachment to their individual city states . The kingdom of Naples had long been disputed by the Aragonese and by the French. 3. In the peace treaty signed at Lodi in 1454, Venice received territories in return for recognizing Sforza’s right to the duchy 4. Renaissance Italians invented the machinery of modern diplomacy 5. In a number of fiery sermons between 1491 and 1494, Savonarola attacked what he considered the pag anism and moral vice of the city 6. The invasion of Italy in 1494 by the French king Charles VIII 7. In 1508 his cousin and heir, Louis XII, formed the league of Cambrai II. Intellectual Hallmarks of the Renaissance A. The Renaissance was characterized by self-conscious awareness among the 14th and 15th century Italians 1. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) considered the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the developments of human civilization 2. The Renaissance manifested itself in a new attitude toward men, women, and the world B. Individualism 1. Middle Ages had seen the appearance of remarkable individuals 2. Large literature with the nature of individuality emerged, represented the flowering of distinctly Renaissance individualism C. Humanism 1. Humanism emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities 2. Renaissance humanists approached the classics differently D. Secular Spirit 1. Secularism involves a basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal world of spirit 2. Humanist Lorenzo Valla (1406-1457) defends the pleasures of the senses as the highest good 3. Papal interests, which were far removed from spiritual concerns, fostered, rather than discouraged, the new worldly attitude III. Art and the Artist A. The subject matter of art through the early 15th century as in the Middle Agrs, remained overwhelmingly religious 1. In the 14th and 15th centuries, a large, intricately carved wooden bed, a chest, and perhaps a bench served as its sole decorations 2. Florentine Masaccio (1401-1428) inspired a new style, realism, the new international style B. The Status of the Artist 1. The Renaissance artist was considered a free intellectual worker 2. The social status of the artist of genius was immortally secured IV. Social Change A. The Renaissance changed many aspects of Italian, and subsequently European, society 1. Renaissance culture witnessed a shift in the status and experience of women B. Education and Political Thought . One of the central preoccupations of the humanists was education and moral behavior 2. In the 16th and 17th centuries, The Courtier was widely read 3. No Renaissance book on any topic, however, has been more widely read and studied in all centuries since its publication (1513) C. The Printed Word 1. By the middle of the 15th century, paper was no problem 2. Gutenberg’s Bible of 1456, movable type had brought about radical changes 3. Since books and other printed materials were read aloud to illiterate listeners, print bridged the gap between written and oral cultures D. Clocks . The English word quantification was first used in 1840 2. Mechanical clocks, usually installed on the cathedial or town church, were in general use in Germany by the 1330’s, in England by the 1370’s, and in France by the 1380’s 3. The status of upper-class women declined, in terms of the kind of work they performed 4. Laura Cereta (1469-1499) illustrates the successes and failures od educated Renaissance women 5. Women, of course, continued to perform economic functions 6. In the years 1338- 1358, rape was not considered a serious crime against either the victim or society 7. In the 11th century, William the Conqueror had decreed that rapists be castrated E. Gender and Culture 1. The term homosexuality was coined only in 1892 2. On April 17th, 1432, the Florentine government set up a special magistracy, the Office of the Night F. Blacks 1. The beginning in the 15th century, sizable numbers of black slaves entered Europe 2. In 1491 Isabella of Este, duchess of Mantua, instructed her agent to secure a black girl between four and eight years old V. The Renaissance in the North A. Last quarter of the 15th century, Italian Renaissance thoughts inspired northern Europe 1. There More found the time to write Utopia (1516), which presents a revolutionary view of society. 2. Francois Rabelais (1490? -1553) possess a distinctly secular flavor and have attracted broad readership among the literate public 3. Many of Bosch’s paintings reflect the confusion, and anguish often associated with the end of the Middle Ages VI. Politics and the State in the Renaissance (CA 1450-1521) A. Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain had been labeled as â€Å"new monarchs† B. France 1. In 1438 Charles published the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges 2. In 1516 the new treaty, the Concordat of Bologna, approved the pope’s right to receive the first year’s income of new bishops and abbots C. England 1. Between 1455 and 1471, adherents of the ducal houses of York and Lancaster waged civil war, the Wars of Roses 2. The council dealt with real or potential aristocratic threats through a judicial offshoot, the court of Star Chamber D. Spain 1. The centuries-long Reconquista- the wars of the northern Christian kingdoms to control the entire peninsula 2. In the administration of Castile, â€Å"New Christians† held the royal secretary ship How to cite History of Western Society Ch 13 Outline, Essay examples

Business Studies free essay sample

What does the nature of business mean ? Usually, when filling out some kind of form, nature of business refers to the type or general category of business or commerce you are describing. For example, if you worked at McDonalds, the nature of your business is food services. Nature of Business means what type of business your are doing? like Wholesale, Retail or Service, Manufacturing, Marketing, etc. If you want more specific, then HBA wholesale, Car Service, Furniture manufacturing, health Drinks Marketing, etc. The nature of business, means what exactly your business is doing and what is the service/product you are offering. For example the nature of Walmart as a business is Retail and the nature of Microsoft is Software. Internal and External Influences on businesses The external environment includes those factors over which the business has little control, such as government policy, technology, economic conditions and social attitudes. The internal environment includes these factors over which the business has some degree of control, such as products, location, resources, management and business culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Studies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page External Influences on business  ·Economic  ·Financial  ·Markets  ·Competitive siuation Technological  ·Institutional  ·Political  ·Legal  ·Social  ·Geographic If you had a shop and everyone decided to go to another shop that would be an econmic disaster! If this continues for a month then the business would close, employees would be laid off, and landlords and suppliers will not be paid. Charasteristics of boom perios Higer lever of employment -Inflation may increase The level of spending by consumers increases as they have more confidence in the economy Characteristics of recessi on period Unemployment levels rise Inflation may remain stable or fall Wages are less likely to rise as employers The level of spending usually decreases Internal influences on Business Product The types of good and services will affect the internal operations of a business, The product influence and the size of the business -Location -A good location is an asset and will lead to high levels of sales and profits and a bad location is a liability that adversely affects sales and products  ·Location Factors Visibility, promixity to customers, promixity to suppliers and promiximity to support devices -Management- Resource management -Business culture Failure to SME failure  ·Failure to plan  ·lack of information  ·leaderhsip skills  ·inaccurate record keeping  ·new taxes  ·not enough sales  ·economic turndown  ·staff difficulties Success to SMEs  ·Entrepemtual abilities

The Worst Beginning to Something Amazing free essay sample

I wake up to see a man in a white suit staring at me, and the sound of a young boy crying.Without realizing it at the time, that young boy was me. Then I remember, what seemed to be like a flash of light, with a bunch of pictures of me and random people fly by like a film clip rushing through my head. All of a sudden I hear my wife saying, â€Å"Why him? Why did he have to go so early?† With the sound of what seemed like dirt hitting wood above me. Then nothing†¦ This is life for most American men and women. They come into this world with no idea what they want to do in life, and before they know it, they are dead, and their life was boring and simplistic. Life to them is like a video game where they believe they can just â€Å"respawn† or come back to life as something or someone else, as if they never truly lived. We will write a custom essay sample on The Worst Beginning to Something Amazing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is the kind of life where their tombstone says â€Å"They never tried to accomplish anything.† Just imagine living a life where everything you do was not worth anything, and the only people who even think about going to your funeral are family members you believe that must go since they are family. That is the most tragic and painful torture I could ever endure, and that is something that I will never let myself have to go through. I want my tombstone to at least say, â€Å"He died trying, and never gave up.† Well, my story starts out sort of tragic, but ends with a beginning to an amazing story and life. It all begins on a dreadful scary night in my old home town. My friend Summer screams out, â€Å"Run Chris. Get out of here!† Then with the horrible throbbing pain in my leg, I limp over to her and hold her in my arms as she collapse to the floor. I turn her over to see a sharp object impaling her stomach and a bunch of red oozing blood slowly pouring out where the object has entered. She slowly raises her hand and touches my face and says,† I love you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  with her final breath. This day I promised to myself to never let anyone die or get hurt because of my lack of strength and knowledge of knowing what to do. This day I decided to join the Marines! Day after day, for years, I trained. Not just physically, but mentally. Waiting for the day to go and take my physical and mental test to be able to be a U.S. Marine.I worked my butt off to be able to have to knowledge to take the ASVAB and get the best possible score I can. I went to the gym and my martial arts to build my physical core up to max strength. Finally, I got a job and did any extracurricular activities I could so I could be well rounded and show everyone I could do anything they throw at me. After years of hard work, I have almost reached my goal, and I can honestly say that I have never given up on my belief of living a full and joyous life. I can and will know that whenever my time comes, people will show up to my funeral because they know that I was a truly kind man, and did what I did for other people and to make their lives easier. Lastly, I can rest in peace knowing that my tombstone at least says, â€Å"He died trying, and never gave up.†

Women in Agriculture Essays

Women in Agriculture Essays Women in Agriculture Essay Women in Agriculture Essay Women in Agriculture 1 Women in Agriculture Heather Heath Dr. Alston April 2010 AGED Women in Agriculture 2 Table of Contents Women Farmers3 One Woman in Agriculture6 Female Agricultural Educators7 Women as Agricultural Extension Agents11 Women in the Public Arena12 History of Women in the FFA15 Women Farmers in Florida16 Women in Agriculture in Arkansas17 Women in Agriculture in Minnesota20 Denise O’Brien22 The Power of Women in Agriculture in Foreign Countries 22 Women Farmers in Africa24 The Future27 Organizations for Women in Agriculture 29 History of Women in Agriculture30 Women in Agriculture 3 Women Farmers Women in agriculture are a diverse, important and often overlooked component of agriculture. Over the past several years there has been a growing acknowledgement of the important roles women play in agriculture. However, the US is still dominated by white males who are traditionally in charge of decision-making and operation. As of 2002, about 2% of farms were operated by women, according to the National Agriculture Statistics Service (NASS). Many of the farms operated by women in the United States are small scale farms that earn less than $50,000 annually. (Female Farmer, 2002) Many women are turning to sustainable and alternative farming because of the difficulties they are facing with traditional agriculture. Women who are Hispanic, African American, and Native American may be especially disadvantaged due to historical and structural racism in farm organizations and federal and state laws in the United States. Today only 1% of farms are operated by African Americans. (Female Farmer, 2002) Many women farm on their own or as partners in the work of family farms. Women on farms perform household tasks, tend gardens, livestock, and assist in the fields as needed. Often women help support the farm operations or households through paid farm work for others, or through off-farm and nonfarm businesses or paid employment. (Female Farmer, 2002) Women in Agriculture 4 Agricultural education was predominantly a male profession until recent years. With the number of female agriculture educators rising, the number of female students enrolling in agricultural education programs has risen. A challenge for women agricultural educators is balancing career and family. You have to have a good support system in place at home to travel to state and national FFA events. Buehler, 2008) A Department of Agriculture survey shows that the number of women-owned farms in the United States is growing close to a quarter million. These women have learned that they must be innovative in order to survive on the farm. Females make up nearly forty percent of the half-million members of the National FFA Organization. Many of these females hold key leadership positions in the FFA. (Women in Ag, 2008) For more women to become involved in agriculture gender and social equity must be implemented in AKST (Agricultural Knowledge Science and Technology) policies and practices. Priority must be given to women’s access to education, information, science and technology, and extension services. This will improve women’s access, ownership and control of economic and natural resources. Other things that will help women succeed in agriculture are improving women’s working and living conditions in rural areas, giving priority to technological development policies targeting rural and farm women’s needs and recognizing their knowledge, skills and experience. (2007 Census, 2007) The 2007 Census of Agriculture shows that the role of women is continuing to grow in U. S. agriculture. Women are running more farms and ranches, operating more land, and producing a greater value of agriculture products than they were five years ago. The 2007 Census Women in Agriculture 5 counted 3. 3 million U. S. farm operators and 30. 2 percent, more than 1 million, were women. The total number of women operators increased 19 percent since 2002. The number of women who were the principal operators of a farm or ranch increased by almost 30 percent. Women are now the principal operators of 14 percent of the nation’s 2. 2 million farms. 2007 Census, 2007) The 2007 Census also indicated that the majority of female farm operators are Caucasian. A growing percent are of other races and ethnicity. The largest number of women minority operators is American Indian, followed by operators who are Hispanic. (2007 Census, 2007) Farms operated by women have proven to be very diverse in what they produce. Women are much more likely than men to operate farmers classified as â€Å"other livestock farms,† a category that includes horse farms, or â€Å"all other crops,† which includes hay farms. Men are much more likely to run grain and oilseed farms and beef cattle operations. (2007 Census, 2007) The percentage of women operated farms is highest in the West and in New England. The states with the highest percentage of women principal operators are Arizona with 38. 5 percent, New Hampshire with 29. 7 percent, Massachusetts with 28. 9 percent, Maine with 25. 1 percent and Alaska with 24. 5 percent. (2007 Census, 2007) The states with the lowest percentages of women operators are in the Midwest. Women make up less than 10 percent of all farm operators in four Midwestern states: South Dakota with 7. percent, Nebraska with 8. 4 percent, Minnesota with 9. 1 percent, and Iowa with 9. 1 percent. (2007 Census, 2007) Women in Agriculture 6 One Woman in Agriculture As I conducted research for this paper I began to realize that the history of my career in agriculture was important. I began my career in Agriculture in 1999 as a Horticulture Student at Lenoir Community College in Kinston , NC. I fell in love with plants and knew that this was a career I would never abandon. Horticulture is an extension of agriculture and an extremely challenging career. Much of the research I have found on agriculture indicates that women are a minority in the field of agriculture and that it can be a difficult career choice for many women. I agree with this. I have had success in the field of agriculture but many of the girls I went to school with are no longer in the field and have gone back to school to do different things. Agriculture and horticulture are generally considered to be careers for men. However, men are not the only ones who can do the job well. My first job out of college was managing a garden center. This was an extremely interesting job and I learned so much. I then moved to Atlanta Georgia and managed an Interiorscaping Plant Company. I enjoyed the indoor plant business very much and continued to do that for three years. I then moved back to Kinston and began teaching horticulture on a part-time basis. I have taught horticulture at the community college level both part-time and full-time. I decided to begin working on my bachelor’s degree in Agriculture Education three years ago. I have learned so much about the field of agriculture through the classes I have taken at Women in Agriculture 7 North Carolina Aamp;T. I plan to continue my career in agriculture and hopefully pursue my master’s degree in agriculture as well. Agriculture is an exciting and ever changing career with many options. I am not sure if I want to work in extension or at the high school level when I complete my degree. Both would be wonderful career choices with state benefits and retirement. Whatever I chose it will be in the field of agriculture as I know it is the best career choice for me. Female Agricultural Educators A study was recently conducted by the University of Georgia to determine facts about women in agricultural education in Georgia. The study found that the average female agricultural educator in Georgia was 32 years old, had never been married or was married with one child, had a Master’s degree and six years of teaching experience. The study also found that the average female agricultural educator had previous experience with FFA or 4-H in high school, had previous experience in some agricultural related industry area, and spent an average of 43 hours per week completing her professional duties. Females in the study were satisfied with their careers and felt accepted by students, administrators, parents of students and the community. The population of the study was all female agricultural educators in Georgia. The survey was administered and data was collected at local agriculture teachers meetings hosted by the State Department of Education. The study found that 21 percent of agricultural education teachers in Georgia were female. Of the 84 percent that responded to the survey, 43 percent were married and 44 percent had never been married, and 34 percent of them had children. The ages Women in Agriculture 8 f the teachers ranged from 23 to 51 with an average age 32. 45 years. Forty percent of respondents had taught one to five years, 15 percent of respondents had taught six to ten years, 10 percent had taught eleven to fifteen years, 7. 5 percent had taught sixteen to twenty years, and 7. 5 percent had taught over twenty years. (Journal of South, 2006) Fifty one percent of respondents had agricultural education courses in high school and were former members of The National FFA Organization. Sixty-six percent of the respondents had previous experience in some area of the agricultural industry. Thirty-six percent of the women held Bachelor’s degrees, 44 percent held Masters degrees, 17 percent held Specialist degrees, and 3 percent held doctorate degrees. (Journal of South, 2006) The study found that in addition to spending 22. 5 to 30 hours per week in the classroom, female agricultural education teachers spend an average of 21 hours per week on related activities. The reported spending an average of 7 hours per week on preparing for class, 7 hours per week on FFA activities, 5 hours per week on SAE (supervised agricultural education) activities, 2 hours per week in committee meetings, and 11 hours on other work related activities. Courses taught by the women in the study were: FFA/Leadership/SAE, Greenhouse Production, Landscape Design, Floral Design, Plant Science, Animal Science, Forestry, Natural Resources, Agricultural Mechanics, Soil Science, Companion Animals, Nursery Production, Agricultural Business/Marketing, Aquaculture and Food Science. (Journal of South, 2006) There is a significant teacher shortage in many states throughout our country. The findings in this study would be a good recruitment tool for programs of agricultural education. Female students looking for a career need to be made aware of the fact that females in Women in Agriculture 9 griculture education are a relatively young group of professionals who value and complete advanced degrees, who work about 43 hours per week, and who have the option to teach a wide variety of topics. (Journal of South, 2006) Agricultural education programs were originally designed for males and have been traditionally male dominated since their creation. Whe n the national FFA Organization was established in 1928, it was a social outlet and club for male students enrolled in Vocational Agriculture classes. Women were not allowed into the program until after the Civil Rights movement. Vocational Agriculture changed dramatically when women were admitted in 1969. Many male teachers become uncomfortable in dealing with the females in the program as female enrollment continued to increase. The need for female agricultural educators began to increase and agricultural education became a viable career option for women. (Journal of South, 2006) In the early years women found it difficult to break down gender barriers and establish their worth among the men in the industry. Agriculture is considered by the general public to be a male career choice even though the influence of women is far reaching. Even when women began being accepted into agriculture education, there was still the bias that women were only suited to teach horticulture classes, because employers thought they could not physically handle other agricultural areas, that others would not accept women within other areas, that marriage would end women’s professional careers, and that women would be a distraction for men within the workplace. (Journal of South, 2006) The number of female educators has risen in recent years. Data reveals that 43 percent of the newly qualified potential teachers that graduated in 2001 were female. In the 2003 Foster’s Women in Agriculture 10 report of national datum, it was estimated that approximately five percent of secondary agriculture teachers were female and the Camp et al. found 22 percent to be female in their survey in 2002. If so many females are being educated to be agricultural education teachers what is happening to the ones that wanted a career in agricultural education after they graduate from college? (Journal of South, 2006) The need for female educators is great in agricultural education because 38 percent of the National FFA Organization’s membership is female. These females hold more than 50 percent of the state leadership positions across the country. Today agricultural education teachers are teaching, training, developing and working with male and female students on an almost equal basis. (Journal of South, 2006) Foster, Pikkert and Husmann studied self-perception of gender bias among women agriculture educators in 1991 and found that female agriculture teachers were satisfied with their current positions. They also determined through the study that gender bias was a deterrent for women entering the agricultural education profession. Significant factors that have been found to contribute to the occupational success or failure of a female include: the pressure or support received from co-workers, family members, and friends, and level of perceived discrimination and sexual harassment. The major concern shared by women who teach agricultural education, was acceptance by their co-workers, namely male agricultural educators. Even with these problems, the Foster’s national study conducted in 2001 found that the majority of women in agricultural education loved their work. Journal of South, 2006) Women in Agriculture 11 Women as Agricultural Extension Agents In 2004 female county agents with agricultural program responsibilities consisted of only about 11. 4 percent of the population. A questionnaire was sent to these women and although the majority of them sited a high level of job satisfaction, almost 60 percent felt they had experienced barriers and challenges as a result of their gender. The majority of fema le county agricultural agents that participated in the survey were married, 68. 1 percent. Only a little over 50 percent of the subjects reported having children. The majority of the women fell into three age categories: 26-30, 41-45, and 46-50. The ethnicity was mostly Caucasian with 93. 2 percent. Minority populations of Hispanic, African-American, and Native American reported between 1. 3 and 1. 8 percent of the total population. The largest number of respondents reported salaries between $40,000 and $44,000 per year. (Journal of Extension, 2004) The women extension agents reported spending 70 percent of their time working with adults in agricultural programs. They stated that they spent 18 percent of their time working with 4-H and youth programs. Research indicated that extension agents were involved in assessment, planning, teaching, evaluation, serving on boards and committees, making farm/ranch visits, conducting research, and working with clients, volunteers, media, and the larger community. Sixty eight percent of the female agents held Master’s degrees. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Fifty-seven percent of female extension agents indicated that they felt they had experienced barriers or challenges in their profession due to their gender. The most common challenges were: lack of acceptance from male colleagues and clients; the need to â€Å"prove yourself†; no monitoring or inclusion by male peers; and the â€Å"good ole boy system. † Women in Agriculture 12 Women were also asked to identify any sacrifices they had made to reach their current level of achievement in their career. Most women stated time away from family; lack of personal or social time; the decision to not have more children or to delay having a family; and a firm commitment that the pay offered is too low for the educational requirement of the job. Almost 85 percent of all respondents reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their jobs. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women in the Public Arena Now more than ever, farm women are being called upon to educate the public about farm issues and farm life and to represent agriculture in the public policy arena. As the business of producing food and fiber has changed, so have the issues facing rural America. Consumers are showing concern about food safety, the use of farm chemicals, the treatment of farm animals and farming’s effect on the environment. In many cases, rural women are accepting the responsibility for communicating messages to young people and the non-farm public. (Buehler, 2008) Rural women are very involved in promotional activities. There are several events that are celebrated in various states to bring recognition to farmers and their accomplishments. These are events like National Agriculture Week and National Farm City Week. Organizations celebrate in many different ways from state to state. National Farm City Week is conducted to help bridge the gap between urban and rural populations. Buehler, 2008) The women of the Farm Bureau organization have made special progress in determining and supporting public policy issues. More and more women are serving as directors of their local Women in Agriculture 13 Farm Bureaus and are involved in the policy debates. Farm Bureau’s primary purpose has always been to improve the quality of life in rural communities. Farm Bureau women are not only indirectly involved wit h this process but a growing number are serving in political leadership positions on the local and state levels. (Female Farmer, 2002) The biggest concern of Farm Bureau is finding ways to attract young farm women. In many cases, the young farm wife has an off-farm job and is juggling that with raising children and assisting with the farm operations. Farm Bureau is going more to try to shape their programs and activities to fit in with people’s busy schedules. (Female Farmer, 2002) The first female U. S. Department of Agriculture Secretary of Agriculture was put in place during the Bush administration. Ann M. Veneman is the Secretary of Agriculture. She grew up on a peach farm in a small rural community. She has spent much of her career dedicated to food and agriculture issues and advancing sound U. S. farm and food policies. The U. S. Department of Agriculture which she is head of employees 100,000 people. The U. S. D. A. has many programs. It leads the federal U. S. hunger effort with the Food Stamp, School Lunch, School Breakfast, and the WIC program. It brings housing, modern telecommunications, and safe drinking water to rural America. It is responsible for the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. It also helps to ensure open markets for U. S. agricultural products and provides food aid to needy people around the world. (Female Farmer, 2002) Rural women make up one-quarter of the world’s population and in some countries they produce up to 80% of the food. In the United States there are around 130 cooperatives that are Women in Agriculture 14 owned and run by women. They do everything from growing sweet potatoes, to being quilters, to crabmeat producers, to being weavers. (Female Farmer, 2002) Women are key to addressing the food security and nutrition goals that are central to U. S. and international commitments to cut hunger in half by 2015. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, women grow 70% of the food for family and local consumption. We must ensure that the concerns and needs of rural women are brought into every stage of agricultural development programs. Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) Today, in many parts of the world , there is an increasing trend towards what has been named the â€Å"ferminization of agriculture. † Conflict, the search for paid employment in the cities, and the HIV/AIDS epidemic have all contributed to a rapid decline in the male population in rural areas in Africa. As men’s participation in agricultu re declines, the role of women in agricultural production is increasing. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) In the spring of 1973, ten women that were majoring in agriculture at the University of Wisconsin-Madison felt a need to unite. The group included Phyllis Agnew, Sue Hyslop, Emily Uhlenhake, Donna Cooper, Sue Gall, Lois Legatt, Sue Alderman, Barb Lee, Maureen DeBruin, and Patty Prust. They wanted to encourage their personal development to prepare themselves for careers in agriculture. (Women in Ag, 2008) These women formed an organization called the Ag Women’s Cooperative. They sought to form a unified group that would help women in agriculture to achieve their goals and to improve communication among agriculture women, men and faculty. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in Agriculture 15 In 1974, the name was changed to the Association of Women in Agriculture. An early goal was to find a house for the group. One early challenge of the Association of Women in Agriculture was being recognized by the Ag Hall as being eligible for the Ag living unit grade point traveling trophy. After they were recognized, the Association of Women in Agriculture won the award often. The Association of Women in Agriculture hosted its first National Ag Women’s Conference in 1985. It also organizes an annual career conference. (Women in Ag) History of Women in the FFA Over the years many state FFA associations allowed girls to become members. However, the national association did not allow female members. In fact, in 1930, at the 3rd National FFA Convention, the all-male delegation amended the organization’s constitution to restrict the membership to boys only. (Ricketts, Stone, Adams, 2008) At this time, many women were full partners on the family farm, working alongside their husbands and sons. The magazine Successful Farming even represented the impact women had on agriculture in 1940 when they had a female farmer on the cover of their magazine. The picture was of Marguerite Craig who raised chickens and she helped pave the way for the future women in agriculture. (Ricketts, Stone, Adams, 2008) Although girls were allowed to participate in chapter and state FFA activities, they were not admitted to membership in the national organization. Therefore, they could not compete in contests, attend national leadership seminars and programs, nor become national FFA officers. Women in Agriculture 16 In 1967, a resolution was presented at the FFA National Convention to allow girls into the organization. It was defeated. Two years later in 1969 an amendment was passed allowing full membership rights and benefits to women in FFA. Today the National FFA Organization has more than 450,000 members. Women make up 35 percent of the membership and 47 percent of the leadership. (Ricketts, Stone, Adams, 2008) Women Farmers in Florida Women farmers are making their presence known in Florida. They are changing the way food is grown and sold and even how it tastes. In Homestead, Teena Borek is growing heirloom tomatoes in all shapes and colors to supply Miami’s five-star restaurants and gourmet markets. In Monticello, Dr. Cynthia Connolly is producing organic muscadine wine in Florida’s only certified organic farm winery. Betty O’Toole of Madison is producing organic herbs and hosting workshops, day internships, and tours of the farms display gardens. (Buehler, 2008) Dr. Cynthia Connolly, who owns and operates Ladybird Organics, a 50-acre organic farm in Monticello, says part of the problem for female farmers is the absence of national support program for small and medium-sized farmers. During the 17 years she has been running her business, she has often been forced to supplement her income with off-farm jobs simply to make ends meet. Buehler, 2008) Creativity is a quality that women farmers seem to possess in abundance. It’s the special something they bring to this once tradition-bound, male-dominated industry. As women become business owners there is a constant stream of new ideas in the agriculture industry. Women are Women in Agriculture 17 not afraid to think outside the box. They are willing to challenge conventional growing methods and marketing techniques. It is no surprise that women are a driving force in alternative and sustainable agriculture. Studies show that women are more likely than men to farm organically and on small acreages. They are also more likely to farm part time and without the help of large, expensive equipment. (Buehler, 2008) Growing a delicious high-quality product isn’t enough. To succeed in small-scale farming these days you have to be a good marketer. Many small farmers are involved in some form of direct marketing. The farmer’s success ultimately hinges on their ability to build personal, trusting relationships with their customers. . (Buehler, 2008) Since 1985, Florida has recognized women who have made outstanding contributions to the state’s agricultural community through its Women of the Year in Agriculture Award. Sponsored by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Florida State Fair Authority, the award is presented during the opening-day luncheon of the Florida State Fair in Tampa. . (Buehler, 2008) Women in Agriculture in Arkansas The roles women hold in Arkansas agriculture are as diverse as the women themselves. The number of women principal operators grew about 6 percent in Arkansas between 1997 and 2002. There are women who hold prominent positions in firms that support agriculture, such as agricultural lending institutions, farm input suppliers, veterinary/animal clinics, and agricultural processors. Female Farmer, 2002) Women in Agriculture 18 To respond to the increase in women involved in agriculture, researchers need to understand the challenges women face and the goals they hold so as to be successful in their business endeavors. Three conferences were recently held for Arkansas women in agriculture with the goal of enriching lives and empowering women in Arkansas in all aspects of agriculture including production, processing, marketing and retailing. Of the 754 female conference attendees, 344 agreed to participate in survey research that examined their roles, challenges and successes. Female Farmer, 2002) Of the 344 participants in the survey, 54 were principal farm operators, 156 were agribusiness owners, and 134 were farm/business employees. Most principle operators were involved in livestock production, but some also listed rice, soybean, cotton, forest and vegetable production. Agribusiness owners included farm input supply, medical services, marketing services, and credit services. (Female Farmer, 2002) Three factors explain why women’s importance in agriculture in Arkansas is growing. First, more women in the state are inheriting these operations due to death, divorce, and illness. Second, women are making voluntary career changes into agriculture, beginning with small-scale production and increasing land base and production each year. Third, more women are choosing college programs that prepare them for important positions in agricultural industries. At the University of Arkansas, the number of female agriculture graduates grew by 50 percent between 1997 and 2005. Women are feeling confident in their roles in agriculture. When as whether they would keep their business in the event of their life partner, 77 percent said definitely yes. Women in Agriculture 19 When women in Arkansas were asked to gauge their success they focused more on individual growth and community then on traditional profit measures. When asked about 13 ways to measure success, these women chose ability to apply talents and skills directly to their work, being excited about their work, trying new ways of doing things, being involved in their communities, and improving their family’s standard of living as the most important measures of success. (Female Farmer, 2002) The women were also asked about 13 challenges that they might face in their work. Being respected as a female business owner and keeping good employees were the largest challenges faced by all women. (Female Farmer, 2002) The research indicated that Arkansas women are involved in every aspect of agriculture and their influence is growing. While some common measures of success and challenges were identified, the results suggest that different types of agricultural women hold different attitudes about business and face different challenges. (Female Farmer, 2002) There are approximately 300,000 women farm operators across the United States, which is over 17% of the family farmer population. This is the largest group of minority farmers in the country, and their number is growing. An estimated 43,000 of these farmers have been discriminatorily denied more than $4. 6 billion in farm loans and loan servicing from the USDA over the years. Many women were told that money or applications had run out, even though men seemed to be finding them with no trouble at all. Others were told to return to the loan office with their fathers, or husbands, or brothers, so that the men could file the applications on their Women in Agriculture 20 behalf. And some were even subjected to crude and horrible advances by loan administrators, who demanded a sexual quid pro quo in return for approving their loans. (Buehler, 2008) Women in Agriculture in Minnesota Women have farmed alongside their husbands and families since people started cultivating the land. Native Americans were the first women farmers in Minnesota. Historians agree that the success of the American family farm was dependent on the help of women. Research shows that women have been filing the roles of farmers in their own right, farm manager or partner than society gives them credit for. Women in Ag, 2008) As many as 2,400 women homesteaded their farm in Minnesota without a husband between 1863 and 1889. These women were in addition to the thousands of other women that farmed alongside their husbands or families as Minnesota was settled. Women were often left to manage their farms as husbands went off to war, prospecting, and serving in government or when their husbands m oved to town or back East to earn money. In the 2002 Census of Agriculture 6,370 women were reported as principal operators. This represents 7. % of the total number of principal operators. (Women in Ag, 2008) Restructuring of the farm economy has had an effect on women’s exposure to agricultural tasks. In the past, during times of economic crisis, farm women increased participation in alternative agricultural enterprises, such as chicken and egg production to provide additional income. Research indicates that farm women do not have the same access to transfer of knowledge that men do. A major constraining factor for transfer of knowledge was the attitudes Women in Agriculture 21 arents held about what was acceptable farm work for girls. People reported that sons were given more opportunities to learn about farming than daughters were. Others report that daughters were less likely to be taught about tractors as well. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in agriculture make tremendous co ntributions to American society, especially within rural communities. Their involvement on the farm is expanding to include more decision making and hands-on participation, and these roles have opened the door for many more women to become farmers. In the mid 1980s, educators began to notice the changing role of American women in agriculture and began to host more conferences for women. These programs represent the first step in meeting the needs of women in agriculture. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women are also venturing off the farm to provide additional income for the household and to give leadership to and participate in organizations that support regional agriculture in rural communities. The 2002 Census of Agriculture showed a 40% increase in the number of women operators in the last decade. The organizations that farm women participate in give them the skills and networking opportunities needed to help their farmers succeed. Even though women often met separately from men in agricultural organizations and did not hold leadership positions in the early years, they are still vital members of the organizations today. The number of women receiving agriculture-related degrees has more than doubled since 1993, to reach 28,801 degrees given to females in 2000. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in Agriculture 22 Denise O’Brien Denise O’Brien is a passionate advocate for family farms and sustainable agriculture. She has been farming organically in Iowa for 30 years with her husband. She served as president as the National Family Farm Coalition from 1993 to 1995. Her interest in farm issues led her to travel with delegates Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Seeing only a few women speaking out about agriculture, Denise addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on behalf of farmers. She also founded the Women’s Farming and Agriculture Network in 1994. The organization works to connect and inspire American women who are building all aspects of a sustainable food system. Women in Ag, 2008) One of the most helpful developments for women working in agriculture today is the advent of women’s agricultural networks. These groups aim to increase the number of women who own and operate profitable farms and farm related businesses. The networks sponsor meetings, workshops, and tours focused on education. Members also help each other overcome obstacles by sharing their experiences. They offer mentors and resources for new farmers and others who need help. (Women in Ag, 2008) The Power of Women in Agriculture in Foreign Countries Around the globe the typical farmer is a woman and not a man. This is particularly true in poor countries, where agriculture is mostly women’s work. It is estimated that rural women produce 60 to 80 percent of the food in developing countries, and they are primarily responsible Women in Agriculture 23 for their families for security and nutrition. In parts of Africa women produce 80 percent of the food supply. However, they receive less than 10 percent of the credit going to farms and own an estimated 2 percent of the land. Research also indicates that when women earn extra income they are more likely than men to invest in education, food and health care for their children. This creates a positive cycle of growth and may help lift and entire generation out of poverty. Helping women farmers access the resources they need to grow food and other crops is crucial to ending hunger, improving child nutrition, and helping many poor economies grow. (Women in Ag, 2008) In 1999 the national and provincial departments of agriculture began celebrating the role of women in agriculture. Each year, top female farmers are honored in the Female Farmer of the Year competition. The project was initiated by the national Department of Agriculture to empower women in agriculture by recognizing their contributions and increasing their visibility. The National Female Farmer of the Year event is a combination of six months of intensive work undertaken in the provinces to mobilize women at grassroots level to participate in nominating their peers for the awards with the assistance of the cooperative extension workers. Individuals and groups are nominated in three categories. The first is top producer for the export market and she must export more than 50 percent of her production. The second is top producer for national markets and they must have an impressive quality of production on the local market. The third is top producer for informal markets and they must produce an impressive quality of produce to support their household and must be economically active. An overall winner is also picked from the three national winners. (Female Farmer, 2002) Women in Agriculture 24 Women Farmers in Africa The Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network is sponsoring a three year pilot project to help rural women farmers influence agricultural policy development in southern Africa. Funding for the program is provided by a $900,000 grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) The project seeks to strengthen women farmers’ ability to advocate for appropriate agricultural policies and programs. The goal is for women farmers to have access to the tools that help farm more successfully, such as access to credits and better seeds, by ensuring that local and national policies and services address their needs. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) In Africa, the majority of rural farmers are women. Research demonstrates women are often excluded from the decision-making process and local governance. By empowering women farmers to advocate for their concerns this project aims to ensure women farmers have what they need to increase their income and provide for their families. Women have little access to land, seed, fertilizer, credit, and technology. Due to a combination of logistical, cultural and economic factors, they are often not able to benefit fully from development programs and services. Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) Women’s agriculture jobs in developing countries cover production, processing, preparation, and preservation of foodstuffs and other farm products. They are also often responsible for marketing produce from the farm. Women in most parts of the world have a longer working day than men and so lack of time can be a major cause of declining food Women in Agriculture 25 production. Women may work up to 18 hours per day in busy seasons. It is no surprise that women in developing countries in their reproductive years have health worse than that of men. The roles of women farmers in Nigeria vary considerably by ethnic group. The Hausa Fulani women do little work in the fields because of the plough/grain culture and the restrictions on women of the Islamic religion. The well-to-do urban Muslim women in seclusion do not engage in agricultural work of some kind. Poor Muslim women are heavily involved in agricultural work in food processing and preparation. The Yoruba women are becoming more and more involved in agricultural work with the increase of cash crop production and the expansion of food production and raw materials for industry. The Ibo women play a dominant role in food production. Most women’s work in agriculture is unpaid, but some women are employed as agricultural laborers. In the Philippines, women play a major role in agriculture, mostly as unpaid family workers or self-employed farmers. The crops with the largest number of women workers are rice, coconut and banana. Women in the Caribbean are responsible for more than 50 percent of food production and are also involved in food processing and marketing, including inter-island marketing. Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) The WFAN is a pilot project to develop â€Å"Women’s Learning Circles† in three counties in eastern Iowa. The project is called â€Å"Women Caring for the Land†. The original goal, to directly improve water quality by educating and empowering women landowners to enact their own values for conservation of the land. At least three women who participated in the project made significant changes in the way their land was farmed. Several women made appointments with their District Conservationists to go over their conservation plans or to have farm visits. Women in Agriculture 26 Women are interested in learning new agriculture information in many ways. They expressed a desire to hold frequent meetings where they could meet face to face to focus on relevant single topics rather than covering several topics at once. The women preferred meeting at tables in small groups of 6-8 to foster discussion. Many of the women stated that they enjoyed learning in the company of other women. They felt that limiting participation to women would create a supportive atmosphere. They also stated that they would like to listen to women presenters. They wanted to hear from women farmers, farm wives, managers, marketers, conservationists, bookkeepers, and community college teachers. Women expressed the desire to be interactive in meeting. The women also wanted to exchange stories with their peers to create stronger social bonds. The women suggested meeting in peaceful places such as nature centers, retreats, and community center. Finally, they mentioned that child care support would be helpful to them allowing them to attend meetings. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) In the Philippines, women control 79% of street enterprises. In Senegal, 53% of vendors are women. Due to the socio-economic status of women and their traditional gender roles, they dominate informal sector of which urban agriculture is part. Urban agriculture has become an important survival strategy of the poor who are mostly women. Even though women face lack of extension services, lack of land, and the practice being considered illegal, they are not willing to stop farming in the city. Women participate in urban agriculture as a means of income diversification to contribute to the food consumed by their families. It is clear that urban agriculture improves women’s socio-economic status in a number of ways. It gives them a chance to participate in decision-making, improves their economic status and enables them to acquire independent income. (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2010) Women in Agriculture 27 The Future To enable urban farmers to benefit and improve their socio-economic status, the Urban Authority Act that governs land-use practices in the city should be amended to incorporate urban agriculture as an important informal sector. Buehler, 2008) Women’s roles in society continue to change. Women have always played an important, yet often unrecognized role in agriculture. As families and communities face an ever changing world, agriculture and women’s positions in this sector need more critical attention. There is variability among women farmers, and there is a need to develop a better understanding of their place within society, in agriculture and particularly within the br oader population of traditionally underserved farmers, including small-scale, limited resource and minority producers. In a 2001 national survey of women on farms conducted by researchers at Pennsylvania State University, 30 percent were full partners and 40 percent were involved as business managers or helpers. Census data shows that women’s participation in farm programs has increased as well. A qualitative/quantitative study of women farmers in Minnesota suggests that there is a tendency for some women producers to be involved in agricultural activities outside of the mainstream of the dominant forms of agriculture and to express interest in conservation-oriented and alternative enterprises. Investigations of women’s participation in the move toward conservation and sustainable agriculture suggest that they are likely to pursue improvement of quality of life for their families and communities as a main goal. (Buehler, 2008) Women in Agriculture 28 Approximately half of women in the research project conducted in 2001 and 2003 held off the farm jobs, while just over one-third of participants in the women in agriculture project reported the same status. Over 60 percent of participants in both the risk management survey and the most recent focus groups reported that their spouse worked an off-farm job. Buehler, 2008) In an exercise where women in agriculture focus group participants were asked to identify themselves as farmers, farm wife or friend of a farmer, a large majority of them indicated that they thought of themselves as farmers. When asked how they began farming, 70. 6 percent of women focus group participants indicated that they grew up on a farm. One-quarte r of participants indicated that they had inherited a farm. Nearly half of the focus group participants said that their spouse farmed. Eighty-five percent of the participants stated that they made decisions about farm management. Buehler, 2008) When women were asked about barriers they faced in trying to achieve their goals, they identified several problems. They included limited access to the expertise needed for many entrepreneurial marketing endeavors. Some people also stated that they did not receive adequate support from their families. (Buehler, 2008) Women farmers emphasized the need for more respect for their position in agriculture among family members, community residents, organizational representatives and government agencies. The women in every group expressed gratitude for the opportunity to come together for a group reflection on issues they faced in agriculture. They wanted more networking opportunities at the local, state, regional and national levels, and interest was expressed in more research. (Buehler, 2008) Women in Agriculture 29 Organizations for Women in Agriculture In 2009 an organization and website was established for women farmers called The Women Farmers. All members are women who own, run or operate farms, from the small farm that sells at the local farmers market to the huge farms that are thousands of acres. The website is http://womenfarmers. org/ . (Women in Ag, 2008) American Agri-Women officially began November 14, 1974. Today, American Agri-Women has 50 state and commodity affiliate organizations as well as individual member throughout the country, representing tens of thousands of women involved in agriculture. Throughout the history of AAW, the members have been actively involved and making a difference in legislative and regulatory matters at the local, state, and national levels. They have also been instrumental in student and consumer education about agriculture, having initiated the Agriculture in the Classroom program at the national level. (Women in Ag, 2008) The Women’s Agricultural Network uses educational, technical assistance and networking opportunities to increase the number of women owning and operating profitable farms and ag-related businesses, as well as their profile in leadership positions throughout the agricultural sectors of business, government and community. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in Agriculture is the USDA’s resource for women involved in agricultural activities in the U. S. The Website offers links to the Third International Conference on Women in Agriculture and other USDA organizations. (Women in Ag, 2008) Women in Agriculture 30 History of Women in Agriculture As early as 1903, more than fifteen states were offering â€Å"institutes† especially for women. Early organizations for women in the Midwest, called â€Å"domestic science associations,† were formed to teach better methods in the home and to promote domestic science in the schools. Other names for these organizations included neighborhood study clubs, homemaker clubs, farm women clubs, and home bureaus. Journal of Extension, 2004) The first home demonstration clubs associated with Extension in the South developed from the girl’s tomato clubs, the home demonstration agents took advantage of the opportunity to demonstrate improved methods of housework. The success of this method of teaching rural America gained support for a national system of Extension work. The agricult ural colleges and experiment stations requested federal funds for an Extension unit of the land-grant system through the American Association of Agriculture Colleges. Journal of Extension, 2004) When World War I was declared, large numbers of men joined the service. By 1916 over 3,000,000 men had joined the army. The country was desperately short of labor. The Government decided that more women would have to become more involved in producing food and goods to support the war effort. It was suggested that as reward for their effort, women would he given the right to vote after the war. Over 250,000 women became farm labors during the war. In some areas, farmers were unwilling to employ women. In 1916 the Board of Trade began sending agricultural organizing officers around the country in an effort to persuade farmers to accept women workers. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women in Agriculture 31 At St. Michael’s Parish Hall in Sussex, Miss Bradley, agricultural organizing officer for the Board of Trade, said that Sussex had been one of the best countries for recruiting for the army and navy, and she hoped that with the cooperation of the farmers it would occupy a similar position with regard to women working on the land and filling the places of the men who had gone to war. She believed that the home grown food supply would be a quarter below the average that year. She realized that the difficulties and prejudices were being gradually overcome and that when farmers realized that women could do useful work they would accept their service more and more readily. Women were proving that they could perform useful work- in offices, in ammunition work, and in assisting in tarring and repairing roads. On farms, too, they could be of great assistance. Three pence an hour was the minimum wage for untrained helpers. In March of 1864, two years after the creation of the USDA, the Commissioner received authority to employ women as clerks. By 1891, there were 169 women in the USDA, which was roughly 12 percent of the employees. Legal changes in the 1960s and 1970s began to open more opportunities for women. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women operators are generally full owners of their farms and live on their property. Many inherited the farms as widows and chose to continue the family business. Beginning in 1982, the average age of women farmers began to decrease and by 1997 more than 40 percent were under 55 years old. More women are making the choice to own and manage their own farms, and one of the goals of NIFA’s goals is to provide them with the tools they need to succeed. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women in Agriculture 32 Nearly half of these women regard farming as their primary occupation, though the financial rewards are not great. Most women-owned farms are small, diversified, and financially at-risk. Nearly 70 percent of them have less than 140 acres, nearly 80 percent report annual sales under $25,000, and they are more likely than other farms to raise livestock or high-value crops. NIFA addresses the special needs of women and other minority farmers through core funding to support research, education, and extension at the land-grant colleges, and through competitive funding opportunities such as the Agriculture Risk Management Education and Funding Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers. An example of the program is the North Central Risk Management Education Center at the University of Illinois. Center funding and coordination have generated extension programs in all 12 states across the region focusing on the needs of women in agriculture, working with women to identify the specific risks they face, and providing them with the necessary information and tools to overcome these risks. (Journal of Extension, 2004) The programs include educational workshops and online information and networking through the â€Å"Heart of the Farm† project in Wisconsin. The education center also sponsors annual Women in Agriculture conferences in South Dakota, and grass roots Risk Management Clubs led by women farmers in Nebraska. (Journal of Extension, 2004) The â€Å"Women in Ag† program at the University of Nebraska provides risk management education to women farmers, giving them the tools and information they need to make informed decisions. NIFA funding recently supported the program’s 19th Women in Ag Conference and the expansion of the program’s networking capacity. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Women in Agriculture 33 In several northeastern states, Women in Agriculture Networks provide education, technical assistance, and networking opportunities to increase the number of women owning and operating profitable farms and agriculture-related businesses. While these programs are closely tied to their state extension office, they are often strengthened by collaboration with other agencies. (Journal of Extension, 2004) Conclusion Women working in agriculture are not a new concept. Women have been helping on the farm since the beginning of civilization. Many women who work in agriculture fields are extremely satisfied with their careers. However, women face many challenges in agriculture. Women are interested in more studies and more support from society. The USDA must provide better outreach, technical assistance and other forms of support to women farmers. The future is bright for women in agriculture. Women in Agriculture 34 References Small Farm Digest. (2008). Women in Agriculture. Retrieved March 5, 2010 csrees. usda. gov/newsroom/newsletters/smallfarmdigest/sfd_sp08. pdf Journal of Extension. (2004). A Profile of Female County Agricultural Agents in Today’s CES. Retrieved March 5, 2010. joe. org/joe/2004december/a3. php Female Farmer, (2002). A Celebration of Women in Agriculture. Retrieved March 5, 2010. nda. agric. za/docs/ff2002-2. pdf Women Thrive Worldwide. (2010). Women Feed the World. Retrieved March 6, 2010. womenthrive. org/index. php? opinion=com_contentamp;tas=viewamp;id=654amp;Itemid=174 Ricketts, John C, Stone, Rhonda, Adams, Elaine. (2006) Female Agricultural Educators in Georgia. Retrieved March 6, 2006. http://pubs. aged. tamu. edu/jsar/pdf/Vol56/56-01-052. pdf | America’s Heartland. (2008). Women in Ag. Retrieved May 7, 2010. americasheartland. org/episodes/episode_319/women_agriculture. html Buehler, Deb Brandt. (2008). The Evolving Role of Women in Agricultural Education. Retrieved May 7, 2010. ffa. org/ageducators/mad/issues/0804/story3. cfm 2007 Census of Agriculture. (2007). Women Farmers. Retrieved March 7, 2010. agcensus. usda. gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/women. pdf